AWS D10.22/D10.22M-2021: SPECIFICATION FOR LOCAL HEATING OF WELDS IN CREEP STRENGTH-ENHANCED FERRITIC STEELS IN PIPING AND TUBING USING ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATING
This specification establishes the requirements for local heating of welds in creep strength-enhanced ferritic steels in piping and tubing using electric resistance heating. This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). Since these are not equivalent, each system must be used independently of the other.
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The ferritic/austenitic duplex stainless steels (DSSs) discussed in this document have proven to be weldable using proper welding procedures. The processes GTAW, GMAW (includes all transfer modes), SMAW, FCAW, and SAW have all been used with success on these alloys. Automatic and mechanized welding such as orbital welding with the GTAW, GMAW, and FCAW processes have also been used with success on duplex alloys. Manual welders that have experience with austenitic stainless steels should be able to apply many of the techniques they have learned from these alloys to the welding of duplex stainless steels, while of course keeping in mind the exceptions to be noted within this document.
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The scope of this document is multipass, orbital machine pipe groove welding of pipe by arc fusion processes with filler metal addition. The orbital machines described in this document are typically used to weld pipe in plants, such as power generation plants or chemical processing plants, and to weld transmission pipelines, both cross-country and offshore. Offshore pipeline construction includes "S-lay," "J-lay," and "Reel-lay." Each of these will be described in further detail. This guide is organized into sections describing welding processes, pipe beveling, pipe line-up, weld heads, nondestructive examination, plant pipe welding, cross-country welding, "S-lay" welding, "J-lay" welding, and finally reel lay welding. The guide concludes with a brief description of methods used to estimate consumable usage, engineering critical assessments, methods to calculate maximum repair lengths, and safety.
This document excludes orbital tube welding, which is addressed by AWS D18.1, Specification for Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube and Pipe Systems in Sanitary (Hygienic) Applications.
This document presents an overview of multipass orbital machine pipe groove welding including the welding processes, pipe beveling equipment, pipe line-up equipment, welding equipment, and nondestructive examination equipment. This document includes the steps required to prepare for and use multipass, orbital machine pipe groove welding equipment.
The alternative to multipass orbital machine pipe groove welding is manual welding, which includes welding with a torch, gun, or electrode held and manipulated by hand. Orbital machine welding is a form of mechanized welding which offers an alternative to manual welding when the investment in mobilization and equipment costs can be offset by productivity gains. The goal of this guide is to familiarize the reader with the orbital machine alternative to manual welding.
This standard makes use of both the International System of Units and U.S. Customary Units. The latter are shown within brackets ([ ]) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently.
Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from other sources, including, but not limited to, ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets (see Annex B) and applicable federal and state regulations.
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This guide is intended to cover such piping systems as low pressure heating, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and water supply, as well as some gas and chemical systems. These procedures include detailed welding process techniques that may be useful for teaching welders. Processes included are Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) Flux Cored Arc Welding—Self-Shielded (FCAW-S), and Oxyfuel Welding (OFW). Qualification of these procedures to any welding standard is the responsibility of the user. This document does not address the needs of pipe steels or service conditions which may require post weld heat treatment (PWHT).
This standard makes use of both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way. The standard with the designation D10.12:2000M uses SI Units. The standard designation D10.12M:2000 uses U.S Customary Units. The latter are shown within brackets ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. Pipe sizes are listed as DN (diameter nominal) and NPS (nominal pipe size). The exact pipe diameters are in Table C1.
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This document describes how to make root weld passes on circumferential pipe groove welds using open root joints with filler metal additions, tightly-fitted joints without the addition of filler metal, and joints with consumable inserts. Joint designs, fitting techniques, consumable insert configurations, filler and base metal combinations, purging, and welding processes are discussed. This publication does not address joints made using backing rings and techniques applicable to mechanized orbital welding.
Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard, and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from other sources, including, but not limited to, ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, and applicable federal and state regulations. See Clauses 2 and 15 and Annex A for additional safety and health references.
Introduction.
When the pipe system designer has determined that the use of backing rings is unacceptable due to service conditions and that complete joint penetration, including a continuous root side surface, is needed, butt joints may be made from one side using the groove designs and techniques described in this document. Although gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is most commonly used for precise control in root pass welding, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) are also widely used.
Units of Measure.
This standard makes use of both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The latter are shown within brackets [ ] or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently.
To identify nominal pipe sizes in both SI and U.S. Customary Units, the following designations are used:
1. DN (Diameter Nominal) is the SI designation.
2. NPS (Nominal Pipe Size) is the U.S. Customary designation.
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These recommended practices describe several methods of applying controlled heat to weld joints and a limited volume of base metal adjacent to the joints, as opposed to heating the complete weldment in a furnace or oven. Additional criteria (e.g., thermocouple requirements, temperature requirements, heat placement) may be required for Creep Strength-Enhanced Ferritic (CSEF) Steels. The applicable code or standard shall take precedence in the event of conflict with this standard.
The primary purpose for the requirements in this document is to ensure that the root of the weld at the inside diameter (ID) of the pipe or tube achieves minimum postweld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature.
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These recommended practices apply to the arc welding of the following base-metal combinations:
(1) Similar chromium-molybdenum steels
(2) Dissimilar chromium-molybdenum steels
(3) Chromium-molybdenum to austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels
(4) Chromium-molybdenum to either carbon or carbon-molybdenum steels
In this document, the chromium-molybdenum steel alloys are referred to as Cr-Mo steels.
Cr-Mo steels are used extensively in the power, chemical, and petroleum industries. The properties of such piping and tubing materials and the applicable fabrication and inspection requirements are addressed in a wide range of documents, including:
(1) ASTM Material Specifications
(2) ASME Codes for Pressure Piping, B31
(a) Power Piping (ANSI/ASME B31.1)
(b) Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping (ANSI/ASME B31.3)
(3) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes (Sections I, IIA, IIC, VIII, and IX)
(4) NBIC National Board Inspection Code for Boilers and Pressure Vessels (ANSI/NB-23)
(5) API Piping Inspection Code (Inspection, Repair, Alteration and Rerating of In-Service Piping Systems), (API 570).
Abstract
This document presents recommendations for welding chromium-molybdenum steel pipe and tubing to itself and to various other materials. Subjects covered in detail are filler metal selection, joint design, preheating, and postheating. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of maintaining interpass temperature and dangers inherent in interrupted heating cycles.
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This standard provides a summary of recommended industrial practices for welding piping1 fabricated from aluminum alloys. Joint design, welding current, and shielding gas tables are included. This standard makes use of both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way. The standard with the designation D10.7M:2000 uses SI Units. The standard designation D10.7:2000 uses U.S. Customary Units. The latter are shown within parenthesis ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. Pipe sizes are listed as DN (diameter nominal) and NPS (nominal pipe size). The exact pipe diameters are listed in Table 13.
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This document summarizes information on the welding of titanium pipe.1 The information has been collected from the welding literature and from various company shops and laboratories. The document is intended to serve as a welding guide.
This standard makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way. The standard with the designation D10.6:2000 uses U.S. Customary Units. The standard designation D10.6M:2000 uses SI units. The latter are shown within parenthesis ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures.
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Author(s): AASHTO Edition: 1ST EDITION Publish Date: 2021 Published By: AASHTO Related Links:
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