AWS C7.1M/C7.1, 4th Edition, 2013 - Recommended Practices for Electron Beam Welding and Allied Processes
These recommended practices present descriptions of electron beam welding equipment and procedures for welding a wide range of metals and thicknesses; allied processes, to include electron beam braze welding (EBBW), cutting, drilling, surfacing, additive manufacturing, surface texturing, and heat treating, are also discussed. The appropriate terms, definitions, and safety considerations are presented. Information is included on designing for electron beam welding (EBW), welding dissimilar metals and thicknesses, fixturing, specifications, and operator training and qualification. Information regarding the safe practice of electron beam welding and allied processes can be found in Clause 4 of this standard.
Highly technical and detailed descriptions of metallurgy and the physics of the EBW process, though important to the engineer and scientist, were considered beyond the scope of this publication
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This specification provides for the qualification of rotary friction welding machines, procedures, and training of welding operators. Qualification of the welding procedure specification (WPS) includes the material specifications involved, weld joint design, destructive and nondestructive examination requirements, as well as guidelines for different categories of quality assurance. Qualification of welding equipment includes weld parameter control and weld reproducibility. Welding operators require training in the proper operation of rotary friction welding equipment. The requirements for requalification of the WPS and equipment are also given.
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These recommended practices for friction welding are intended to serve as a basic guide for those interested in using any of the variations of this process as a method of joining two or more pieces.
Contained in this document are process fundamentals and requirements, equipment descriptions, joint design basics and material compatibilities. Suggested qualification procedures and inspection methods along with a review of present applications and typical mechanical property data are included. Consideration of these suggested measures will aid in the efficient utilization of friction welding in a wide range of applications.
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AWS C4.7/C4.7M, 1st Edition, 2020 - Recommended Practices for Oxyacetylene Welding of Steel
This recommended practice describes the equipment, procedures, and safe practices for the oxyacetylene welding of steel. This process is most commonly used for welding carbon steels; however, it is sometimes used on alloy steels, cast iron, aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, nickel, and tin. It is for manual welding using hand torches and is recommended for end users (welders) and management personnel associated with the oxyacetylene welding process.
Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW) is a process where a metal (usually an iron base alloy) is heated to its melting point by an oxyacetylene flame. A welding torch is used for this operation. OAW uses the combustion of acetylene gas in a mixture with oxygen. Acetylene is the fuel gas of choice because it has the ability, along with oxygen, to form a gaseous shield around the molten metal protecting it from ambient contaminants until the molten metal cools. Acetylene is also preferred because most of the heat is concentrated at the tip of the inner cone. This heat focus allows better control to move the weld pool. Virtually all the commercial fuel gases can produce temperatures high enough to melt most metals but acetylene remains the fuel gas of choice because acetylene has the higher combustion temperature. During the welding process, filler material may be added, but it is not always needed. The filler material is used to fill in, build up, and strengthen the weld. OAW is a better choice because the flame condition (reducing, natural, and oxidizing) is easy to adjust compared to other fuel gas mixtures. OAW is not suggested for the fabrication or repair of high-strength steels or heat-treatable metals. OAW is very widely used for maintenance and repair, where flexibility and mobility are important.
Although this recommended practice is not written with mandatory requirements, mandatory language, such as the use of “shall,” will be found in those portions of the document where failure to follow the instructions or procedures could produce inferior, misleading, or unsafe results.
AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, are included in Annex B of this recommended practice for information only.
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These guide specifications offer a description of the unique material properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials, as well as provisions for the design and construction of concrete bridge decks and railings reinforced with GFRP reinforcing bars. This revised edition includes information on the advancements in material specifications, and new knowledge and field experiences beyond bridge decks and traffic railings.
Some of the major updates in this new edition include a title change from the 2009 first edition, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Guide Specification for GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks and Traffic Railings, to acknowledge the inclusion of information beyond bridge decks and traffic railings; greater consistency with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 8th Edition; consideration of flexural members, such as girders and bent caps, not included in first edition; consideration of substructure and foundation elements along with compression members; differentiation between the fatigue and creep limit states; and revised shear design methodology.
Incorporates the February, 2020 errata, which can also be downloaded below for reference.
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AWS C4.6M, 1st Edition, 2012 - Thermal Cutting Classification of Thermal Cuts Geometric Product Specification and Quality Tolerances
This standard applies to materials suitable for oxyfuel flame cutting. Plasma cutting and laser cutting. It is applicable to flame cuts from 3 mm, plasma cuts from 1 mm to 150 mm and to laser cuts from 0.5 mm to 40 mm. This standard includes geometrical product specifications and quality tolerances.
The geometrical product specifications are applicable if reference to this standard is made in drawings or pertinent documents, e.g. delivery conditions.
If this standard is also to apply, by way of exception, to parts which are produced by different cutting processes (e.g. high-pressure water jet cutting), this has to be agreed upon separately.
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