This specification addresses processing and quality control requirements for electron beam welding. Processing includes both high- and low-voltage welding equipment and high and medium vacuum variations.
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These recommended practices present a description of laser beam equipment and procedures that can be used for welding, cutting, drilling, and transformation hardening of various materials. These recommended practices stress the process basics, parameters, and applications. Practical information has been included in the form of figures, tables, and graphs which should prove useful in determining capabilities and limitations in the processing of various materials. Readers who desire additional information about lasers and laser materials processing should consult the Reference Documents shown in Annex A, as well as the various references given throughout this document.
Any specific manufacturer product depicted in any sketch, figure, table, or product description in the document, shall not be construed as an endorsement of that particular manufacturer or product by AWS.
This standard makes sole use of the International System of Units (SI).
Safety and health issues may not be fully addressed by this standard. Users of this standard should consult ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, applicable federal, state, and local regulations, and other relevant documents concerning safety and health issues not addressed herein. ANSI Z136.1, Safe Use of Lasers, is another important source for safe operation of laser equipment. Please consult Clause 4 for more information.
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AWS C7.1M/C7.1, 4th Edition, 2013 - Recommended Practices for Electron Beam Welding and Allied Processes
These recommended practices present descriptions of electron beam welding equipment and procedures for welding a wide range of metals and thicknesses; allied processes, to include electron beam braze welding (EBBW), cutting, drilling, surfacing, additive manufacturing, surface texturing, and heat treating, are also discussed. The appropriate terms, definitions, and safety considerations are presented. Information is included on designing for electron beam welding (EBW), welding dissimilar metals and thicknesses, fixturing, specifications, and operator training and qualification. Information regarding the safe practice of electron beam welding and allied processes can be found in Clause 4 of this standard.
Highly technical and detailed descriptions of metallurgy and the physics of the EBW process, though important to the engineer and scientist, were considered beyond the scope of this publication
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This specification provides for the qualification of rotary friction welding machines, procedures, and training of welding operators. Qualification of the welding procedure specification (WPS) includes the material specifications involved, weld joint design, destructive and nondestructive examination requirements, as well as guidelines for different categories of quality assurance. Qualification of welding equipment includes weld parameter control and weld reproducibility. Welding operators require training in the proper operation of rotary friction welding equipment. The requirements for requalification of the WPS and equipment are also given.
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These recommended practices for friction welding are intended to serve as a basic guide for those interested in using any of the variations of this process as a method of joining two or more pieces.
Contained in this document are process fundamentals and requirements, equipment descriptions, joint design basics and material compatibilities. Suggested qualification procedures and inspection methods along with a review of present applications and typical mechanical property data are included. Consideration of these suggested measures will aid in the efficient utilization of friction welding in a wide range of applications.
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AWS C4.7/C4.7M, 1st Edition, 2020 - Recommended Practices for Oxyacetylene Welding of Steel
This recommended practice describes the equipment, procedures, and safe practices for the oxyacetylene welding of steel. This process is most commonly used for welding carbon steels; however, it is sometimes used on alloy steels, cast iron, aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, nickel, and tin. It is for manual welding using hand torches and is recommended for end users (welders) and management personnel associated with the oxyacetylene welding process.
Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW) is a process where a metal (usually an iron base alloy) is heated to its melting point by an oxyacetylene flame. A welding torch is used for this operation. OAW uses the combustion of acetylene gas in a mixture with oxygen. Acetylene is the fuel gas of choice because it has the ability, along with oxygen, to form a gaseous shield around the molten metal protecting it from ambient contaminants until the molten metal cools. Acetylene is also preferred because most of the heat is concentrated at the tip of the inner cone. This heat focus allows better control to move the weld pool. Virtually all the commercial fuel gases can produce temperatures high enough to melt most metals but acetylene remains the fuel gas of choice because acetylene has the higher combustion temperature. During the welding process, filler material may be added, but it is not always needed. The filler material is used to fill in, build up, and strengthen the weld. OAW is a better choice because the flame condition (reducing, natural, and oxidizing) is easy to adjust compared to other fuel gas mixtures. OAW is not suggested for the fabrication or repair of high-strength steels or heat-treatable metals. OAW is very widely used for maintenance and repair, where flexibility and mobility are important.
Although this recommended practice is not written with mandatory requirements, mandatory language, such as the use of “shall,” will be found in those portions of the document where failure to follow the instructions or procedures could produce inferior, misleading, or unsafe results.
AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, are included in Annex B of this recommended practice for information only.
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