Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 09:10 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS BRH: Brazing Handbook (5th Edition)
| Size: 30.64 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Original preprint| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 5th Edition, 2007| pages: 740
AWS BRH, 5th Edition, 2007 - Brazing Handbook
INTRODUCTION
The process of brazing that we know today began as an ancient art. What began as art, however, evolved through our increased understanding of the nature and behavior of materials into art, technology, and science. In a very general sense, brazing is a process for joining materials which relies on the melting, flow, and solidification of a filler metal to form a leaktight seal, a strong structural bond, or both. The uniqueness of the process is that metallurgical bonds are formed during brazing by melting only the filler metal and not the parts being joined. Brazing is a well established commercial process, and is widely used in industry, in large part, because almost every metallic and ceramic material can be joined by brazing. Generally, brazing can easily be performed by manual techniques, but, in many cases, it can just as easily be automated if necessary.
The American Welding Society defines brazing as “a group of welding processes which produces coalescence of materials by heating them to a suitable temperature and by using a filler metal having a liquidus temperature above 840°F (450°C) and below the solidus temperature of the base materials. The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction.” This definition serves to distinguish brazing from other joining processes of soldering and welding. Brazing and soldering share many important features, but the term “brazing” is used when the joining process is performed above 840°F (450°C), while “soldering” is used below that temperature. Brazing differs from welding in that in braze processing the intention is to melt only the braze filler metal and not the base materials. In welding, both filler metals and base metals are melted during the process.
To achieve a good joint by any variation of the brazing process, the parts must be properly cleaned and must be protected from excessive oxidation by fluxing, or by use of a controlled atmosphere. In addition, the parts must be designed so that when they are properly aligned a capillary is formed in which the molten filler metal can flow. Also, a heating process must be selected that will produce the proper brazing temperature and heat distribution. The various brazing processes, joint design, cleaning and heating methods, and details specific to particular materials are outlined in this Brazing Handbook. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a basic understanding of the brazing process through a review of the factors fundamental to the process itself. To assist the reader with unfamiliar terms, a glossary of terms commonly used in the field is provided in Appendix A.
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AWS C3.12M/C3.12, 1st Edition, 2017 - Specification for Furnace Soldering
This specification presents the minimum fabrication and quality requirements for the furnace soldering of materials that include elemental metals, metal alloys, and ceramic base materials that are in geometries that suit the application.
The purpose of this specification is to standardize furnace soldering process requirements that will assure that the solder joints attain the quality level designated by the application. This document establishes the minimum such requirements. It also provides explanations with details to prevent ambiguity within the descriptions. This document assigns responsibility for solder joint quality to the Organization Having Quality Responsibility and permits that organization to modify requirements as necessary. All such modifications shall be in writing. It assigns responsibility for the ultimate quality of the soldered product to a single organization and permits that organization to modify requirements if appropriate to the application. It requires proper documentation of any such modifications.
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AWS C3.11M/C3.11-2011: Specification for Torch Soldering
| Size: 4.33 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Scanner| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 1st Edition, 2011| pages: 30
AWS C3.11M/C3.11, 1st Edition, 2011 - Specification for Torch Soldering
This specification presents the minimum process and quality requirements for the torch soldering of ceramics, precious metals, and refractory metals, as well as the alloys of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn).
The purpose of this specification is to standardize torch soldering process requirements that will ensure that soldered joints attain the quality level designated by the application. This document establishes the minimum requirements for processes using a minimum amount of explanatory information so as to limit any ambiguity. This document assigns responsibility for soldered joint quality to the Organization Having Quality Responsibility and permits that organization to modify requirements as necessary. However, this specification requires that proper documentation be developed and archived by that organization, which explains the basis and specific details of any such modifications.
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Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 08:59 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS C3.9M/C3.9-2009: Specification for Resistance Brazing
| Size: 4.04 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Scanner| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 1st Edition, 2009| pages: 26
AWS C3.9M/C3.9, 1st Edition, 2009 - Specification for Resistance Brazing
This specification presents the minimum fabrication and quality requirements for the resistance brazing of materials such as steels, stainless steels, copper, copper alloys, and heat- or corrosion-resistant materials as well as other materials that can be adequately resistance brazed.
The purpose of this specification is to standardize resistance brazing process requirements and control braze joint quality for all applications requiring brazed joints of assured quality. This document establishes the minimum requirements for processes and products with a minimum of explanatory information so that sources of ambiguity are minimized. It assigns responsibility for the ultimate quality of the brazed product to a single organization and permits that organization to modify requirements if appropriate to the application. It requires proper documentation of any such modifications.
Procedures for the protection of the safety and health of those performing resistance brazing and related operations are of great importance. However, safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from other sources, including, but not limited to, ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.
This standard makes use of both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The latter are shown within brackets [ ], or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently.
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Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 08:55 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS C3.8M/C3.8 -2011: SPECIFICATION FOR THE ULTRASONIC PULSE-ECHO EXAMINATION OF BRAZED JOINTS
| Size: 3.30 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Scanner| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 3rd Edition, 2011| pages: 30
AWS C3.8M/C3.8, 3rd Edition, 2011 - SPECIFICATION FOR THE ULTRASONIC PULSE-ECHO EXAMINATION OF BRAZED JOINTS
This specification establishes the minimum equipment and procedure requirements for the pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of brazed joints. This specification addresses the following techniques: pulse-echo contact (manual) and pulse-echo immersion (automated).
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Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 08:51 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS C3.7M/C3.7-2011 (R2022): Specification for Aluminum Brazing
| Size: 5.36 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Scanner| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 4th Edition, 2011| pages: 34
AWS C3.7M/C3.7, 4th Edition, 2011 - Specification for Aluminum Brazing
This specification presents the minimum fabrication and quality requirements for brazing of aluminum and aluminum alloys. Its purpose is to standardize brazing process requirements and control brazed joint quality for all applications for which brazed joints of assured quality are required. This document establishes the minimum requirements for processes and products with a minimum of explanatory information so that sources of ambiguity are minimized. It assigns responsibility for the ultimate quality of the brazed product to a single organization and permits that organization to modify requirements if appropriate to the application. It requires proper documentation of any such modification.
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Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 08:48 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS C3.6M/C3.6-2016: Specification for Furnace Brazing
| Size: 4.83 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Scanner| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 4th Edition, 2016| pages: 38
AWS C3.6M/C3.6, 4th Edition, 2016 - Specification for Furnace Brazing
This specification presents the minimum fabrication and quality requirements for the furnace brazing of materials such as steels, stainless steels, nickel, nickel alloys, copper, copper alloys, and heat- or corrosion-resistant materials as well as other materials that can be adequately furnace brazed. Note that the furnace brazing of aluminum alloys is addressed in AWS C3.7M/C3.7, Specification for Aluminum Brazing.
The purpose of this specification is to standardize furnace brazing process requirements and brazed joint quality requirements for all applications requiring brazed joints of assured quality. This document establishes minimum requirements for processes and products with a minimum of explanatory information so that sources of ambiguity are minimized. It assigns responsibility for the ultimate quality of the brazed product to a single organization and permits that organization to modify requirements if appropriate to the application. It requires proper documentation of any such modifications.
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Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 08:42 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS C3.4M/C3.4-2016: Specification for Torch Brazing
| Size: 4.34 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Scanner| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 4th Edition, 2016| pages: 30
AWS C3.4M/C3.4, 4th Edition, 2016 - Specification for Torch Brazing
This specification presents the minimum fabrication and quality requirements for the torch brazing of materials such as steels, stainless steels, copper, copper alloys, and heat- and corrosion-resistant alloys as well as other materials that can be adequately torch brazed. Note that the torch brazing of aluminum alloys is addressed in AWS C3.7M/C3.7, Specification for Aluminum Brazing.
The purpose of this specification is to standardize torch brazing process requirements and brazed joint quality requirements for all applications requiring brazed joints of assured quality. This document establishes minimum requirements for processes and products with a minimum of explanatory information so that sources of ambiguity are minimized. It assigns responsibility for the ultimate quality of the brazed product to a single organization and permits that organization to modify requirements if appropriate to the application. It requires proper documentation of any such modifications.
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Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 08:40 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS C3.3-2008 (R2016): Recommended Practices for the Design, Manufacture, and Examination of Critical Brazed Components
| Size: 6.05 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Scanner| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 3rd Edition, 2008 (2016)| pages: 58
AWS C3.3, 3rd Edition, 2008 - Recommended Practices for the Design, Manufacture, and Examination of Critical Brazed Components
These recommended practices encompass those procedures that should be followed in the design, manufacture, and examination of brazed joints for critical components in order to assure their reliability in service.
The procedures recommended represent the best current practice and are necessary to the control of brazed joint quality. These practices are applicable to all products and brazing processes. Whenever any or some of these practices are omitted when producing critical components, the omission should be the result of a rational decision, not the result of a lack of knowledge of the best practice.
This document is divided into clauses addressing materials, design, manufacturing, and examination. These clauses are followed by Annex A, which presents a list of informative references; Annex B, which presents sample specifications that are intended as guides for the preparation of the user’s documents; Annex C, which presents a discussion of brazing risk management; Annex D, which presents a table relating to the quantification of the scope and magnitude of braze-induced discontinuities; Annex E, which presents systematic criteria for design of brazed components; and Annex F, which presents guidelines for the requesting of an official interpretation of an AWS standard.
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