This specification sets forth requirements dealing with the allowable stresses, welded joint design, workmanship, procedure and performance qualification, inspection, repair and post weld treatments of welded connections used in machinery and equipment, subject to static and cyclic loading. It is intended to be used in conjunction with other specifications that provide application specific requirements (such as D14.1, D14.3, etc.). In the event a conflict arises between the application specific standard and AWS D14.4/D14.4M, the application specific standard shall take precedence. The intent of this document is to establish the effect of weld joint geometry, welding practices, and quality control on allowable stress levels. The specification also provides practices that can be used for examination of welded joints used in fabrication of machinery and equipment.
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This specification applies to all structural welds used in the manufacture and repair of earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and ground-based material handling equipment.1 It reflects the welding practices employed by manufacturers within the industry and incorporates various methods which have been proven successful by individual manufacturers. No restrictions are placed on the use of any welding process or procedure, provided the weld produced meets the qualification requirements of this specification. No attempt is made to limit or restrict the progression of welding technology for earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and/or ground-based material handling equipment manufacturing and repair, nor should any such limitation be inferred. Design criteria for allowable stresses for the base and weld metal and the fatigue analysis for welded joints are not published in the specification. The user shall utilize AWS D14.4/D14.4M, Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment, or appropriate engineering practices and principles for design criteria.
The Manufacturer’s adherence to this specification shall include responsibility for the following:
(1) welding, as defined in 1.1.1, in accordance with this specification;
(2) producing welds as designated on drawings by appropriate symbols and notes, with sufficient detail to show joint preparation compatible with applied processes;
(3) providing and using written Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs);
(4) ensuring that qualified welders are used to make welds;
(5) recording and maintaining results of all welder performance and procedure qualification tests;
(6) controlling use of designated base metals and consumables;
(7) inspecting the welds to the requirements of this specification;
(8) having a quality system in place. The requirements of AWS B5.17, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Fabricators may be used as a guide in establishing this quality program. Accreditation of quality systems of welding fabricators may be obtained through the AWS Certified Welding Fabricator (CWF) or equivalent programs.
(9) determining the responsible technical authority when the term “Engineer” is used. If the Owner wants to assume engineering responsibility, it shall be specified in the contract documents.
The “Engineer” in this document shall have specific technical expertise, such as but not limited to welding engineering or design engineering.
Welding Engineer. The Manufacturer’s technical authority is typically responsible for developing Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS), Procedure Qualification Records (PQR), and Performance Qualification Test Records (PQTR). The Welding Engineer may also have expertise in weld process selection; weld metallurgy and weld filler metal selection; weld joint design and weld sizing; weld fixture design and weld robot programing; weld inspection and weld defect/failure root cause analysis. Qualifications for a welding engineer shall meet one of the following criteria:
(1) An AWS Certified Welding Engineer in conformance with the provisions of AWS B5.17 (Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers) or,
(2) IIW International Welding Engineer (IWE),
(3) Professional Engineer—Welding,
(4) An individual who by degree, training, or experience is qualified in welding engineering disciplines.
Design Engineer. The Manufacturer’s technical authority is typically responsible for developing equipment configuration; analyzing stress levels, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and strain gage data to mitigate stress hot spots; choosing steel material type and thickness; determining weld joint type and weld size; and evaluating cyclic loading and fatigue life. The Design Engineer may also provide judgments on weld defect criticality and weld inspection requirements. See AWS D14.4 Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment for design criteria for allowable stresses for the base and weld metal and the fatigue analysis for welded joints. Qualification for a design engineer shall meet one of the following criteria:
(1) Professional or Chartered Engineer—Mechanical, Civil, Structural, Agricultural, or
(2) An individual who by degree, training, or experience is qualified in design of structures.
1 For purposes of this specification, earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and ground-based material handling equipment are described as on- and off-highway machinery and associated implements, as well as support equipment such as conveyors. Products that this specification covers include, but are not limited to, crawlers, tractors, graders, loaders, off-highway trucks, power shovels, backhoes, mobile cranes, draglines, forklifts, power trucks, and similar equipment. Products such as gantry and jib cranes are not within the scope of this specification.
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AWS D14.1/D14.1M-2005: Specification for Welding of Industrial and Mill Cranes and Other Material Handling Equipment
Includes all amendments and changes through Amendment 1, August 2017
The term cast iron encompasses a family of ferrous alloys with a variety of metallurgical, mechanical, and physical properties. The chemical composition and welding requirements of the metals vary within the family. This document discusses the relative weldability of various types of cast irons and the filler metals and processes used to weld them. It recommends the steps for qualification of welding procedures, welding operators and welders, and requirements for the quality of welds. The terms welding procedure, welding operator, and welder, are used as defined in the latest edition of ANSI/AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.
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This code covers the arc and braze welding requirements for nonstructural sheet metal fabrications using the commonly welded metals available in sheet form. Requirements and limitations governing procedure and performance qualification are presented, and workmanship and inspection standards are supplied. The informative annexes provide useful information on materials and processes.
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AWS D10.22/D10.22M-2021: SPECIFICATION FOR LOCAL HEATING OF WELDS IN CREEP STRENGTH-ENHANCED FERRITIC STEELS IN PIPING AND TUBING USING ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATING
This specification establishes the requirements for local heating of welds in creep strength-enhanced ferritic steels in piping and tubing using electric resistance heating. This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). Since these are not equivalent, each system must be used independently of the other.
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The ferritic/austenitic duplex stainless steels (DSSs) discussed in this document have proven to be weldable using proper welding procedures. The processes GTAW, GMAW (includes all transfer modes), SMAW, FCAW, and SAW have all been used with success on these alloys. Automatic and mechanized welding such as orbital welding with the GTAW, GMAW, and FCAW processes have also been used with success on duplex alloys. Manual welders that have experience with austenitic stainless steels should be able to apply many of the techniques they have learned from these alloys to the welding of duplex stainless steels, while of course keeping in mind the exceptions to be noted within this document.
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The scope of this document is multipass, orbital machine pipe groove welding of pipe by arc fusion processes with filler metal addition. The orbital machines described in this document are typically used to weld pipe in plants, such as power generation plants or chemical processing plants, and to weld transmission pipelines, both cross-country and offshore. Offshore pipeline construction includes "S-lay," "J-lay," and "Reel-lay." Each of these will be described in further detail. This guide is organized into sections describing welding processes, pipe beveling, pipe line-up, weld heads, nondestructive examination, plant pipe welding, cross-country welding, "S-lay" welding, "J-lay" welding, and finally reel lay welding. The guide concludes with a brief description of methods used to estimate consumable usage, engineering critical assessments, methods to calculate maximum repair lengths, and safety.
This document excludes orbital tube welding, which is addressed by AWS D18.1, Specification for Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube and Pipe Systems in Sanitary (Hygienic) Applications.
This document presents an overview of multipass orbital machine pipe groove welding including the welding processes, pipe beveling equipment, pipe line-up equipment, welding equipment, and nondestructive examination equipment. This document includes the steps required to prepare for and use multipass, orbital machine pipe groove welding equipment.
The alternative to multipass orbital machine pipe groove welding is manual welding, which includes welding with a torch, gun, or electrode held and manipulated by hand. Orbital machine welding is a form of mechanized welding which offers an alternative to manual welding when the investment in mobilization and equipment costs can be offset by productivity gains. The goal of this guide is to familiarize the reader with the orbital machine alternative to manual welding.
This standard makes use of both the International System of Units and U.S. Customary Units. The latter are shown within brackets ([ ]) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently.
Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from other sources, including, but not limited to, ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets (see Annex B) and applicable federal and state regulations.
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This guide is intended to cover such piping systems as low pressure heating, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and water supply, as well as some gas and chemical systems. These procedures include detailed welding process techniques that may be useful for teaching welders. Processes included are Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G) Flux Cored Arc Welding—Self-Shielded (FCAW-S), and Oxyfuel Welding (OFW). Qualification of these procedures to any welding standard is the responsibility of the user. This document does not address the needs of pipe steels or service conditions which may require post weld heat treatment (PWHT).
This standard makes use of both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way. The standard with the designation D10.12:2000M uses SI Units. The standard designation D10.12M:2000 uses U.S Customary Units. The latter are shown within brackets ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. Pipe sizes are listed as DN (diameter nominal) and NPS (nominal pipe size). The exact pipe diameters are in Table C1.
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This document describes how to make root weld passes on circumferential pipe groove welds using open root joints with filler metal additions, tightly-fitted joints without the addition of filler metal, and joints with consumable inserts. Joint designs, fitting techniques, consumable insert configurations, filler and base metal combinations, purging, and welding processes are discussed. This publication does not address joints made using backing rings and techniques applicable to mechanized orbital welding.
Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard, and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from other sources, including, but not limited to, ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, and applicable federal and state regulations. See Clauses 2 and 15 and Annex A for additional safety and health references.
Introduction.
When the pipe system designer has determined that the use of backing rings is unacceptable due to service conditions and that complete joint penetration, including a continuous root side surface, is needed, butt joints may be made from one side using the groove designs and techniques described in this document. Although gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is most commonly used for precise control in root pass welding, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) are also widely used.
Units of Measure.
This standard makes use of both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The latter are shown within brackets [ ] or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently.
To identify nominal pipe sizes in both SI and U.S. Customary Units, the following designations are used:
1. DN (Diameter Nominal) is the SI designation.
2. NPS (Nominal Pipe Size) is the U.S. Customary designation.
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