AWS C4.7/C4.7M, 1st Edition, 2020 - Recommended Practices for Oxyacetylene Welding of Steel
This recommended practice describes the equipment, procedures, and safe practices for the oxyacetylene welding of steel. This process is most commonly used for welding carbon steels; however, it is sometimes used on alloy steels, cast iron, aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, nickel, and tin. It is for manual welding using hand torches and is recommended for end users (welders) and management personnel associated with the oxyacetylene welding process.
Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW) is a process where a metal (usually an iron base alloy) is heated to its melting point by an oxyacetylene flame. A welding torch is used for this operation. OAW uses the combustion of acetylene gas in a mixture with oxygen. Acetylene is the fuel gas of choice because it has the ability, along with oxygen, to form a gaseous shield around the molten metal protecting it from ambient contaminants until the molten metal cools. Acetylene is also preferred because most of the heat is concentrated at the tip of the inner cone. This heat focus allows better control to move the weld pool. Virtually all the commercial fuel gases can produce temperatures high enough to melt most metals but acetylene remains the fuel gas of choice because acetylene has the higher combustion temperature. During the welding process, filler material may be added, but it is not always needed. The filler material is used to fill in, build up, and strengthen the weld. OAW is a better choice because the flame condition (reducing, natural, and oxidizing) is easy to adjust compared to other fuel gas mixtures. OAW is not suggested for the fabrication or repair of high-strength steels or heat-treatable metals. OAW is very widely used for maintenance and repair, where flexibility and mobility are important.
Although this recommended practice is not written with mandatory requirements, mandatory language, such as the use of “shall,” will be found in those portions of the document where failure to follow the instructions or procedures could produce inferior, misleading, or unsafe results.
AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, are included in Annex B of this recommended practice for information only.
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These guide specifications offer a description of the unique material properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials, as well as provisions for the design and construction of concrete bridge decks and railings reinforced with GFRP reinforcing bars. This revised edition includes information on the advancements in material specifications, and new knowledge and field experiences beyond bridge decks and traffic railings.
Some of the major updates in this new edition include a title change from the 2009 first edition, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Guide Specification for GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks and Traffic Railings, to acknowledge the inclusion of information beyond bridge decks and traffic railings; greater consistency with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 8th Edition; consideration of flexural members, such as girders and bent caps, not included in first edition; consideration of substructure and foundation elements along with compression members; differentiation between the fatigue and creep limit states; and revised shear design methodology.
Incorporates the February, 2020 errata, which can also be downloaded below for reference.
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AWS C4.6M, 1st Edition, 2012 - Thermal Cutting Classification of Thermal Cuts Geometric Product Specification and Quality Tolerances
This standard applies to materials suitable for oxyfuel flame cutting. Plasma cutting and laser cutting. It is applicable to flame cuts from 3 mm, plasma cuts from 1 mm to 150 mm and to laser cuts from 0.5 mm to 40 mm. This standard includes geometrical product specifications and quality tolerances.
The geometrical product specifications are applicable if reference to this standard is made in drawings or pertinent documents, e.g. delivery conditions.
If this standard is also to apply, by way of exception, to parts which are produced by different cutting processes (e.g. high-pressure water jet cutting), this has to be agreed upon separately.
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AWS C4.4/C4.4M, 2nd Edition, 2007 - Recommended Practices for Heat Shaping and Straightening with Oxyfuel Gas Heating Torches
This publication describes some causes of distortion and corrective actions through the use of heat. It also describes some heat shaping techniques and the direction of movement expected in the heated metal. Equations are provided to aid in estimating the amount of movement for a given heating technique. The methods discussed are specifically applicable to ferrous metals, but many of the methods can be applied to nonferrous metals as well. For a more comprehensive description of specific applications, see the attached supplementary reading list.
Heat has been used to shape and straighten structural elements in bridges, buildings and marine constructions for over a hundred years. Since the late 1930s, the use of oxyfuel gas torches to do this work has become more and more prevalent. This publication is a recommended practice for using the torch process for work on bridges and buildings, and to some extent shipbuilding.
Mechanical forces in fabrication and erection, forces occurring in service, accidental impacts from external forces, fire, and explosion, all cause stress in a structural member or a part of a member. If that stress exceeds the elastic limit of the material, distortion will occur, and the member will not conform to its desired shape. Heat shaping and straightening is an economical method to produce the desired movement to bring the member into conformance.
The shipbuilding industry throughout the world has taken heat shaping to new heights in shaping technology. Particularly, the use of line heating to shape complex curves in hull structures has become an integral part of a group technology in shipbuilding which also includes product work packages and accuracy control.
Basically, straightening and shaping involves controlled thermal expansion and contraction of a structural element. The method, location, and shape of the heat application are covered briefly in this publication. This recommended practice is limited to fundamentals and simple applications. (See Annex A for additional information.)
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AWS C4.3/C4.3M, 4th Edition, 2018 - Recommended Practices for Oxyfuel Gas Heating Torch Operation
This manual describes the equipment, procedures, and safe practices for oxyfuel gas heating torch operation. It is written for the operators of torches using single or multiple heating tips and heads. It is also recommended for management personnel associated with the oxyfuel gas heating torch operation and process.
Oxyfuel heating is an operation whereby various metals are heated in order to perform the following operations:
(1) Straightening and bending with mechanical force
(2) Flame straightening and cambering
(3) Stress relieving
(4) Preweld and postweld heating
(5) Fusion of coatings
(6) Flame hardening
(7) Flame shrinking
The metal is heated by the direct application of single- or multi-flames to a desired elevated temperature. The heating process may be applied to all types of metal forms or shapes. An operator can make proper compensation for the effect of the metallurgical conditions, part geometry, and physical changes that may occur during the heating process.
In general, torch heating does not require any lengthy startup. Operations can be performed in most locations, in confined areas, under most conditions, and with relatively low-cost equipment. Torch heating can also be performed on completed structures without dismantling them. Although this recommended practice is not written with mandatory requirements, mandatory language, such as the use of “shall,” will be found in those portions of the document where failure to follow the instructions or procedures could produce inferior, misleading, or unsafe results.
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AWS C4.2/C4.2M, 3rd Edition, 2017 - Recommended Practices for Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Torch Operation
This standard describes the equipment, procedures, and safe practices for the oxyfuel cutting of steel. It is for the operators of both hand and machine torches and is recommended for management personnel associated with the oxyfuel cutting process.
Oxyfuel gas cutting is a process whereby a metal (usually an iron base alloy) is heated to its kindling temperature (well below the melting point) by an oxyfuel gas flame and then burned rapidly by a regulated jet of oxygen. A cutting torch is used for this operation. Although this recommended practice is not written with mandatory requirements, mandatory language, such as the use of “shall,” will be found in those portions of the document where failure to follow the instructions or procedures could produce inferior, misleading, or unsafe results.
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