AWS C4.4/C4.4M, 2nd Edition, 2007 - Recommended Practices for Heat Shaping and Straightening with Oxyfuel Gas Heating Torches
This publication describes some causes of distortion and corrective actions through the use of heat. It also describes some heat shaping techniques and the direction of movement expected in the heated metal. Equations are provided to aid in estimating the amount of movement for a given heating technique. The methods discussed are specifically applicable to ferrous metals, but many of the methods can be applied to nonferrous metals as well. For a more comprehensive description of specific applications, see the attached supplementary reading list.
Heat has been used to shape and straighten structural elements in bridges, buildings and marine constructions for over a hundred years. Since the late 1930s, the use of oxyfuel gas torches to do this work has become more and more prevalent. This publication is a recommended practice for using the torch process for work on bridges and buildings, and to some extent shipbuilding.
Mechanical forces in fabrication and erection, forces occurring in service, accidental impacts from external forces, fire, and explosion, all cause stress in a structural member or a part of a member. If that stress exceeds the elastic limit of the material, distortion will occur, and the member will not conform to its desired shape. Heat shaping and straightening is an economical method to produce the desired movement to bring the member into conformance.
The shipbuilding industry throughout the world has taken heat shaping to new heights in shaping technology. Particularly, the use of line heating to shape complex curves in hull structures has become an integral part of a group technology in shipbuilding which also includes product work packages and accuracy control.
Basically, straightening and shaping involves controlled thermal expansion and contraction of a structural element. The method, location, and shape of the heat application are covered briefly in this publication. This recommended practice is limited to fundamentals and simple applications. (See Annex A for additional information.)
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AWS C4.3/C4.3M, 4th Edition, 2018 - Recommended Practices for Oxyfuel Gas Heating Torch Operation
This manual describes the equipment, procedures, and safe practices for oxyfuel gas heating torch operation. It is written for the operators of torches using single or multiple heating tips and heads. It is also recommended for management personnel associated with the oxyfuel gas heating torch operation and process.
Oxyfuel heating is an operation whereby various metals are heated in order to perform the following operations:
(1) Straightening and bending with mechanical force
(2) Flame straightening and cambering
(3) Stress relieving
(4) Preweld and postweld heating
(5) Fusion of coatings
(6) Flame hardening
(7) Flame shrinking
The metal is heated by the direct application of single- or multi-flames to a desired elevated temperature. The heating process may be applied to all types of metal forms or shapes. An operator can make proper compensation for the effect of the metallurgical conditions, part geometry, and physical changes that may occur during the heating process.
In general, torch heating does not require any lengthy startup. Operations can be performed in most locations, in confined areas, under most conditions, and with relatively low-cost equipment. Torch heating can also be performed on completed structures without dismantling them. Although this recommended practice is not written with mandatory requirements, mandatory language, such as the use of “shall,” will be found in those portions of the document where failure to follow the instructions or procedures could produce inferior, misleading, or unsafe results.
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AWS C4.2/C4.2M, 3rd Edition, 2017 - Recommended Practices for Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Torch Operation
This standard describes the equipment, procedures, and safe practices for the oxyfuel cutting of steel. It is for the operators of both hand and machine torches and is recommended for management personnel associated with the oxyfuel cutting process.
Oxyfuel gas cutting is a process whereby a metal (usually an iron base alloy) is heated to its kindling temperature (well below the melting point) by an oxyfuel gas flame and then burned rapidly by a regulated jet of oxygen. A cutting torch is used for this operation. Although this recommended practice is not written with mandatory requirements, mandatory language, such as the use of “shall,” will be found in those portions of the document where failure to follow the instructions or procedures could produce inferior, misleading, or unsafe results.
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These guide specifications apply to the design of prestressed concrete beams constructed of normal weight concrete and prestressed by carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) prestressing systems. Unless otherwise specifically noted, these guide specifications are applicable to: concrete components made of concrete with compressive strengths used for design from 5.0 to15.0 ksi, inclusive; pretensioned concrete beams; bonded and unbonded internally post-tensioned concrete beams; and shear design of prestressed concrete bridge beams with only transverse steel reinforcement.
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Guide Specifications for the Design of Concrete Bridge Beams Prestressed with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Systems, 1st Edition
These guide specifications apply to the design of prestressed concrete beams constructed of normal weight concrete and prestressed by carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) prestressing systems. Unless otherwise specifically noted, these guide specifications are applicable to: concrete components made of concrete with compressive strengths used for design from 5.0 to15.0 ksi, inclusive; pretensioned concrete beams; bonded and unbonded internally post-tensioned concrete beams; and shear design of prestressed concrete bridge beams with only transverse steel reinforcement.
These guide specifications offer a description of the unique material properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials, as well as provisions for the design and construction of concrete bridge decks and railings reinforced with GFRP reinforcing bars. This revised edition includes information on the advancements in material specifications, and new knowledge and field experiences beyond bridge decks and traffic railings.
Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 09:21 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS GHSP Guideline for Hand Soldering Practices
| Size: 25.67 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Scanner| Publisher: American Welding Society | ISBN: 13: 978-0-87171-846-4
This guideline will serve as a primer for students, instructors, process engineers, and technical managers involved with manufacturing processes that require hand soldering practices. Instructors and students would consider this guideline as a reference text to instruction manuals, work control procedures, and drawings. Process engineers and technical managers will find this guideline to also be an excellent resource for troubleshooting hand soldering processes. A complementary document to the Soldering Handbook, this guideline will be organized to allow quick access to hand soldering knowledge for application to process development and shop floor instructions
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Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 09:17 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS SHB: Soldering Handbook (3rd Edition)
| Size: 12.23 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Scanner| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 3rd Edition, 2000| pages: 178
AWS SHB, 3rd Edition, 2000 - Soldering Handbook
Preface
The perception of soldering as a mature technology has been replaced over the past several years with an increased appreciation for the science and engineering principles that underlie the successful implementation of this joining technique. Recent efforts to understand soldering technology have come about largely on the heels of the electronics revolution, since soldering remains as the primary assembly technique for electronic component packaging and printed circuit board products. However, the narrow spotlight on electronics applications has expanded as technologists consider soldering processes for a wider range of structural applications.
At present, several excellent textbooks are available on the topic of soldering. However, those references have targeted primarily electronics applications. It became apparent to the American Welding Society and, in particular, the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering, that there is a growing need for a more generalized resource on soldering technology. It was also recognized that such a text should be written so as to be readily understood by individuals having a wide range of backgrounds; from the field assemblers and furnace operators to the engineering staff and technical managers. The opportunity to create such a text coincided with plans to revise the AWS Soldering Manual. The result of this effort is the Soldering Handbook.
The Soldering Handbook is constructed with the following eight general topics:
1. Fundamentals of Soldering Technology; 2. Solder Materials; 3. Substrate Materials; 4. Fluxes; 5. Solder Pastes; 6. Assembly Processes; 7. Inspection Techniques for Product Acceptance and Process Optimization; and 8. Environmental, Safety, and Health. Thorough discussions are provided in each of the major topical areas, including important principles on materials and processing as well as handy access to tabulated properties data. The text is formatted to serve as a reference book; therefore, some information is duplicated in order to assure a clarity of discussion within each section. The handbook also provides a substantial reference section at the end of the text which lists sources of information for those individuals wishing additional details on specific topics.
It is the author’s goal that the information provided in this handbook will allow soldering technology to be more fully utilized in advanced structural joining applications, as well as to enhance its continued use as a critical assembly technology for the electronics industry.
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Posted by: poolmand - 08-27-2023, 09:10 AM - Forum: AWS
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AWS BRH: Brazing Handbook (5th Edition)
| Size: 30.64 MB| Format:PDF| Quality:Original preprint| Publisher: American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS) | Year: 5th Edition, 2007| pages: 740
AWS BRH, 5th Edition, 2007 - Brazing Handbook
INTRODUCTION
The process of brazing that we know today began as an ancient art. What began as art, however, evolved through our increased understanding of the nature and behavior of materials into art, technology, and science. In a very general sense, brazing is a process for joining materials which relies on the melting, flow, and solidification of a filler metal to form a leaktight seal, a strong structural bond, or both. The uniqueness of the process is that metallurgical bonds are formed during brazing by melting only the filler metal and not the parts being joined. Brazing is a well established commercial process, and is widely used in industry, in large part, because almost every metallic and ceramic material can be joined by brazing. Generally, brazing can easily be performed by manual techniques, but, in many cases, it can just as easily be automated if necessary.
The American Welding Society defines brazing as “a group of welding processes which produces coalescence of materials by heating them to a suitable temperature and by using a filler metal having a liquidus temperature above 840°F (450°C) and below the solidus temperature of the base materials. The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction.” This definition serves to distinguish brazing from other joining processes of soldering and welding. Brazing and soldering share many important features, but the term “brazing” is used when the joining process is performed above 840°F (450°C), while “soldering” is used below that temperature. Brazing differs from welding in that in braze processing the intention is to melt only the braze filler metal and not the base materials. In welding, both filler metals and base metals are melted during the process.
To achieve a good joint by any variation of the brazing process, the parts must be properly cleaned and must be protected from excessive oxidation by fluxing, or by use of a controlled atmosphere. In addition, the parts must be designed so that when they are properly aligned a capillary is formed in which the molten filler metal can flow. Also, a heating process must be selected that will produce the proper brazing temperature and heat distribution. The various brazing processes, joint design, cleaning and heating methods, and details specific to particular materials are outlined in this Brazing Handbook. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a basic understanding of the brazing process through a review of the factors fundamental to the process itself. To assist the reader with unfamiliar terms, a glossary of terms commonly used in the field is provided in Appendix A.
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AWS C3.12M/C3.12, 1st Edition, 2017 - Specification for Furnace Soldering
This specification presents the minimum fabrication and quality requirements for the furnace soldering of materials that include elemental metals, metal alloys, and ceramic base materials that are in geometries that suit the application.
The purpose of this specification is to standardize furnace soldering process requirements that will assure that the solder joints attain the quality level designated by the application. This document establishes the minimum such requirements. It also provides explanations with details to prevent ambiguity within the descriptions. This document assigns responsibility for solder joint quality to the Organization Having Quality Responsibility and permits that organization to modify requirements as necessary. All such modifications shall be in writing. It assigns responsibility for the ultimate quality of the soldered product to a single organization and permits that organization to modify requirements if appropriate to the application. It requires proper documentation of any such modifications.
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