This standard makes sole use of U.S. Customary Units. Approximate mathematical equivalents in the International System of Units (SI) are provided for comparison in parentheses or in appropriate columns in tables and figures.
This guide provides information on proven processes, techniques, and procedures for welding aluminum hulls and related ship structures. The information presented applies chiefly to the welding of aluminum hulls that are over 30 ft (9 m) in length and made of sheet and plate 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) thick and greater. Thin-gage aluminum welding usually requires specific procedures in the area of fixturing, welding sequence, and other techniques for distortion control that are not necessarily applicable to thick plates. Similarly, the choice of welding process or applicable process conditions, or both, also differs according to thickness.
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This code covers underwater welding in both dry and wet environments. Five basic methods for underwater welding are covered in this specification as follows:
(1) Welding in a pressure vessel in which the pressure is reduced to approximately one atmosphere, independent of depth (dry welding at one atmosphere).
(2) Welding at ambient pressure in a large chamber from which water has been displaced in an atmosphere such that the welder/diver does not work in diving equipment (dry welding in a habitat).
(3) Welding at ambient pressure in a simple open-bottomed dry chamber that accommodates, as a minimum, the head and shoulders of the welder/diver in full diving equipment (dry chamber welding).
(4) Welding at ambient pressure in a small, transparent, gas-filled enclosure with the welder/diver outside in the water (dry-spot welding).
(5) Welding at ambient pressure with the welder/diver in the water without any mechanical barrier between the water and the welding arc (wet welding).
This document is intended to define the important variables associated with underwater welding and to describe welding and inspection procedures so that work of a known quality level can be conveniently specified.
Three weld classes (A, B, and O) are specified herein. They encompass the range of quality and properties currently produced by application of the various methods. Each weld class defines a set of criteria for weldment properties that must be established during qualification, and a set of weld soundness requirements that are to be verified during construction. Welds in each class must meet all the criteria specified for that class. This code does not address the selection of the class that meets the service requirements of a particular application. The selection of the class of weld to be provided is to be prescribed by the Customer.
All provisions of this document apply equally to new construction and to modification and repair of existing structures underwater. This document may be used in conjunction with other applicable codes or specifications for design, construction, or repair.
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This guide provides information to users in the marine construction industry as to the best practical methods to weld steel hulls for ships, barges, mobile offshore drilling units, and other marine vessels. This guide provides information on steel plates, shapes, castings, and forgings; their selection; and their weldability. It discusses welding processes and proper design for welding. Hull construction is presented in terms of preparation of materials, erection and fitting, and control of distortion. Qualification of procedures and personnel are outlined, and inspection methods are discussed. A common shipyard problem, stray current protection, is discussed as is the health and safety of the work force. Supplementary nonmandatory appendices are provided for informational purposes.
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This specification covers processing and quality control requirements for Laser Hybrid Processing. Equipment includes any laser source (examples include, but are not exclusive to CO2, Nd: YAG, Diode, Ruby, Yb Fiber (Fibre), Yb Disk (Disc), Nd: Glass) in combination with an arc welding system (power supply, wire feeder, torch, etc.) as defined by AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying.
Specifically, this specification covers both (1) Laser Hybrid Arc Welding that uses both a laser to create a keyhole and GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) to add filler material (resulting in a weld bead that is deeper compared to a traditional arc weld and wider than an autogenous laser weld) and (2) Laser Hot Wire Processing that uses a laser to create a conduction mode or keyhole mode molten puddle and an auxiliary power supply that adds heat to the filler wire that enters the puddle (resulting in a lower heat input weldment that could be used to weld joints or to add a hardfacing overlay).
Tutorial information regarding techniques of welding or details of machine setup or operation of laser hybrid processing and laser hybrid processing systems is beyond the scope of this specification. For more information on this subject, refer to AWS C7.2. Recommended Practices for Laser Welding, Cutting, and Related Processes.
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This specification covers the preparation, the process control, and quality control requirements for laser beam welding. Welding equipment includes Gas Lasers (CO2) and Solid-State Lasers (Nd:YAG, Yb:YAG, Nd:Glass, Diode, Ruby, Disk and Fiber) in pulsed, continuous wave (CW), and quasi-continuous wave (QCW) output as defined in AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.
Tutorial information regarding techniques of welding or details of equipment setup or operation is beyond the scope of this specification. For more information on this subject and recommended practices, refer to the latest published version of AWS C7.2, Recommended Practices for Laser Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.
Materials. This specification covers all major engineering alloys including:
(2) Nonferrous Alloys (e.g., Alloys of Al, Ni, Ti, etc. and Super-alloys);
(3) Heat-Resisting and Refractory Metal Alloys (e.g., Alloys of Mo, Ta, W, etc.);
(4) Other Alloys (e.g., Be and Cu alloys, precious metals);
(5) Nonmetals (Plastics, polymers, etc.).
Qualification Categories. There are three categories to which welds may be qualified: Class A, B, or C. Classification levels are intended to delineate inspection level and process control. Examples of acceptance criteria, which may be applied to the classification levels, are presented in Annex D.
Class A—Critical Applications. Critical weldments include those where a failure of any portion of a weldment would cause loss of system, loss of major component, loss of control, unintentional release of critical stores, such as fuel or cargo, or endangerment of personnel.
Class B—Semicritical Applications. Semicritical weldments include those where a failure of any portion of a weldment would reduce the overall efficiency of the system, but loss of the system or endangerment of personnel would not be experienced.
Class C—Noncritical Applications. Noncritical weldments include those where a failure of any portion of a weldment would not affect the efficiency of the system or endanger personnel.
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This specification addresses processing and quality control requirements for electron beam welding. Processing includes both high- and low-voltage welding equipment and high and medium vacuum variations.
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These recommended practices present a description of laser beam equipment and procedures that can be used for welding, cutting, drilling, and transformation hardening of various materials. These recommended practices stress the process basics, parameters, and applications. Practical information has been included in the form of figures, tables, and graphs which should prove useful in determining capabilities and limitations in the processing of various materials. Readers who desire additional information about lasers and laser materials processing should consult the Reference Documents shown in Annex A, as well as the various references given throughout this document.
Any specific manufacturer product depicted in any sketch, figure, table, or product description in the document, shall not be construed as an endorsement of that particular manufacturer or product by AWS.
This standard makes sole use of the International System of Units (SI).
Safety and health issues may not be fully addressed by this standard. Users of this standard should consult ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, applicable federal, state, and local regulations, and other relevant documents concerning safety and health issues not addressed herein. ANSI Z136.1, Safe Use of Lasers, is another important source for safe operation of laser equipment. Please consult Clause 4 for more information.
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AWS C7.1M/C7.1, 4th Edition, 2013 - Recommended Practices for Electron Beam Welding and Allied Processes
These recommended practices present descriptions of electron beam welding equipment and procedures for welding a wide range of metals and thicknesses; allied processes, to include electron beam braze welding (EBBW), cutting, drilling, surfacing, additive manufacturing, surface texturing, and heat treating, are also discussed. The appropriate terms, definitions, and safety considerations are presented. Information is included on designing for electron beam welding (EBW), welding dissimilar metals and thicknesses, fixturing, specifications, and operator training and qualification. Information regarding the safe practice of electron beam welding and allied processes can be found in Clause 4 of this standard.
Highly technical and detailed descriptions of metallurgy and the physics of the EBW process, though important to the engineer and scientist, were considered beyond the scope of this publication
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This specification provides for the qualification of rotary friction welding machines, procedures, and training of welding operators. Qualification of the welding procedure specification (WPS) includes the material specifications involved, weld joint design, destructive and nondestructive examination requirements, as well as guidelines for different categories of quality assurance. Qualification of welding equipment includes weld parameter control and weld reproducibility. Welding operators require training in the proper operation of rotary friction welding equipment. The requirements for requalification of the WPS and equipment are also given.
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These recommended practices for friction welding are intended to serve as a basic guide for those interested in using any of the variations of this process as a method of joining two or more pieces.
Contained in this document are process fundamentals and requirements, equipment descriptions, joint design basics and material compatibilities. Suggested qualification procedures and inspection methods along with a review of present applications and typical mechanical property data are included. Consideration of these suggested measures will aid in the efficient utilization of friction welding in a wide range of applications.
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