This Reference Specification provides requirements for curing concrete that the Architect/Engineer can apply to any construction project by citing it in the Project Specification. Checklists are provided to assist the Architect/Engineer in supplementing the provisions of this Reference Specification as needed by designating or specifying customized project requirements.
This Specification provides requirements for various methods for the external curing of concrete. These methods are not necessarily equal in effectiveness, cost, effect on project schedule, or impact on other aspects of the project. Provisions governing initial, final, and termination of curing are included.
This Specification addresses external curing methods applied after placement of cast-in-place concrete. While internal curing (use of saturated lightweight aggregate or other materials to provide supplemental water) and accelerated curing (heat curing) shall also use external curing methods, not all aspects of internal and accelerated curing are included.
Keywords:
cold weather concreting; concrete construction; curing; curing films and sheets; hot weather concreting; insulation; membrane curing compounds; moist curing; moisture retention; sealers; water curing; water retention.
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This TechNote discusses the implications of limits on the proportions of fly ash in project specifications. This TechNote addresses only fly ash that meets current, applicable specifications such as ASTM C618. Prescriptive specifications for concrete construction projects often include a clause that limits the proportion of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) (Obla and Lobo 2015).
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This guide covers the influence of cement on the properties of concrete, summarizing the composition and availability of commercial hydraulic cements and the factors affecting their performance in concrete. Cement is the most active component of concrete and usually has the greatest unit cost; therefore, its selection and proper use is imperative to attaining the desired balance of properties and cost for a particular concrete mixture. Selection should include consideration of the cement properties in relation to the required performance of the concrete. It includes a discussion of cement types, a brief review of cement chemistry, the influences of chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials, as well as the effects of the environment on cement performance and reviews of the sustainability aspects for the use and manufacture of portland cement. Cement storage, delivery, sampling, and testing of hydraulic cements for conformance to specifications are addressed. Users will learn to recognize when a readily available, general-purpose cement will perform satisfactorily or when conditions require selection of a cement that meets additional requirements.
Alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) is a potentially deleterious expansive reaction between alkalies in the pore solution of concrete and certain reactive aggregates. When ASR was first identified as a distress mechanism in the 1940s, cements with equivalent alkali contents below 0.60 percent by mass were shown to reduce the risk of this reaction. Subsequent research has shown that limiting the cement alkali content to 0.60 percent is not always sufficient to control deleterious ASR with every aggregate nor in all concrete mixtures. It is now well accepted that the reactivity of the aggregate and the amount of alkalies available in the concrete are more important in predicting deleterious ASR than cement alkali content alone.
Keywords:
N/A
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Are contraction joints necessary in residential slabs-on-ground, whether for plain, reinforced, or post-tensioned (PT) concrete; and, if so, are there special considerations to installing joints in residential slabs?
This guide contains a history of the development of mass concrete practice and discussion of materials and concrete mixture proportioning, properties, construction methods, and equipment. It covers traditionally placed and consolidated mass concrete for massive structures such as dams and provides information applicable to mass structural heavily reinforced concrete and for thermally controlled concrete such as bridge elements and building foundations. This guide does not cover roller-compacted concrete.
Keywords:
cement; cracking; fly ash; heat of hydration; mass concrete; mixture proportioning; supplementary cementitious materials; temperature rise; thermal control plan; thermal expansion; volume change.
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