This TechNote discusses the implications of limits on the proportions of fly ash in project specifications. This TechNote addresses only fly ash that meets current, applicable specifications such as ASTM C618. Prescriptive specifications for concrete construction projects often include a clause that limits the proportion of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) (Obla and Lobo 2015).
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What should an owner know about nondestructive testing (NDT) of concrete, and how can an owner get maximum benefit from the testing results?
Keywords:
material properties; nondestructive testing (NDT); physical properties.
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This guide covers the influence of cement on the properties of concrete, summarizing the composition and availability of commercial hydraulic cements and the factors affecting their performance in concrete. Cement is the most active component of concrete and usually has the greatest unit cost; therefore, its selection and proper use is imperative to attaining the desired balance of properties and cost for a particular concrete mixture. Selection should include consideration of the cement properties in relation to the required performance of the concrete. It includes a discussion of cement types, a brief review of cement chemistry, the influences of chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials, as well as the effects of the environment on cement performance and reviews of the sustainability aspects for the use and manufacture of portland cement. Cement storage, delivery, sampling, and testing of hydraulic cements for conformance to specifications are addressed. Users will learn to recognize when a readily available, general-purpose cement will perform satisfactorily or when conditions require selection of a cement that meets additional requirements.
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Alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) is a potentially deleterious expansive reaction between alkalies in the pore solution of concrete and certain reactive aggregates. When ASR was first identified as a distress mechanism in the 1940s, cements with equivalent alkali contents below 0.60 percent by mass were shown to reduce the risk of this reaction. Subsequent research has shown that limiting the cement alkali content to 0.60 percent is not always sufficient to control deleterious ASR with every aggregate nor in all concrete mixtures. It is now well accepted that the reactivity of the aggregate and the amount of alkalies available in the concrete are more important in predicting deleterious ASR than cement alkali content alone.
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N/A
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Are contraction joints necessary in residential slabs-on-ground, whether for plain, reinforced, or post-tensioned (PT) concrete; and, if so, are there special considerations to installing joints in residential slabs?
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This guide contains a history of the development of mass concrete practice and discussion of materials and concrete mixture proportioning, properties, construction methods, and equipment. It covers traditionally placed and consolidated mass concrete for massive structures such as dams and provides information applicable to mass structural heavily reinforced concrete and for thermally controlled concrete such as bridge elements and building foundations. This guide does not cover roller-compacted concrete.
Keywords:
cement; cracking; fly ash; heat of hydration; mass concrete; mixture proportioning; supplementary cementitious materials; temperature rise; thermal control plan; thermal expansion; volume change.
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Concrete pavements and exterior flatwork generally provide excellent performance in all climates and exposures. Concrete durability is an essential component in delivering the return on investment that makes concrete an economical and sustainable material. In recent years, the industry has seen an increase in premature deterioration at joints and saw cuts in concrete pavements and flatwork in areas where winter storm events demand the application of deicing chemicals, which are most commonly chloride-based.
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This guide describes specific types of concrete deterioration. Each chapter contains a discussion of the mechanisms involved and the recommended requirements for individual components of concrete, quality considerations for concrete mixtures, construction procedures, and influences of the exposure environment, which are all important considerations to ensure concrete durability.
This guide was developed for conventional concrete but is generally applicable to specialty concretes; however, specialty concretes, such as roller-compacted or pervious concrete, may have unique durability-related issues that deserve further attention that are not addressed herein.
Keywords:
abrasion resistance; alkali-aggregate reaction; chemical attack; curing; deterioration; durability; freezing and thawing; physical salt attack; sulfate attack.
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