These guidelines offer guidance on bridge design for human-induced extreme events. It provides information on the
response of concrete bridge columns subjected to blast loads, as well as blast-resistant design and detailing guidelines
and analytical models of blast load distribution. This second edition includes additional resources for identifying
potential solutions to mitigate risk from other intentional hazards. 2022. 101 pp.
These guide specifications establish minimum requirements for wind loads on bridges during construction
before a deck is placed. The wind loads determined using these specifications are to be used for checking bridge
girders, temporary and permanent bracing, and the permanent substructure during the erection of the girders
and up to the time of placement of the deck. All other aspects of the design are to be performed in accordance
to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications or as specified as appropriate by the bridge owner.
2017. 26 pp.
PDF DOWNLOAD Code: GSWLB-1-UL | List Price: $73 | Member Price: $54
These design specifications reflect the current state of the practice for the design and construction of
falsework, formwork, and temporary retaining structures. 2017. 113 pp.
PDF DOWNLOAD Code: GSBTW-2-UL | List Price: $149 | Member Price: $110
The purpose of this specification is to provide the minimum acceptance criteria for arc welding of various types of automotive parts made of aluminum alloys.
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This specification defines quality characteristics and metrics pertinent to laser beam welding used in automotive body applications, exclusive of butt joint configurations. Laser beam welds may be applied as intermittent (stitch) or continuous and either linear or shaped. The evaluation methods and inspection criteria specified herein can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of particular welding equipment and procedures used to weld a particular base material combination. The criteria and metrics are the same for all welds regardless of the service load. The quality standards established by this specification do not constitute a lower bound of suitability for service; welds that do not meet the weld quality criteria of this specification may be satisfactory for certain applications. The acceptance criteria of this standard are not intended for applications outside this scope (such as post-crash weld quality assessment); attempts to do so may lead to an erroneous result.
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This document contains several standardized test methods designed to evaluate the resistance spot welding behavior of coated and uncoated sheet steels in a laboratory environment. The test methods allow for uniform testing of automotive sheet steels to determine the following:
(1) The effect of the interaction between a sheet steel’s coating (metallic, nonmetallic, or both) and the welding electrodes on electrode deterioration and weld size/quality behavior over an extended number of welds
(2) Current levels and current range
(3) Mechanical properties of welds at different weld sizes and hold times
(4) Metallurgical and hardness properties of welds
(5) The effects of sheet lubricants, conductive paints, or other surface treatment on current break-through
(6) The robustness of a grade of steel to variations in key welding process variables
The test methods are intended for application in a laboratory environment to characterize certain aspects of the welding behavior of sheet steel products under controlled experimental conditions. They are not intended to simulate production welding practices or to predict welding performance of a given grade of steel in production operations. The test methods and parameters are designed to be used for sheet steels ranging in thickness from 0.5 mm to 4.0 mm. The tests may be used for sheet steel materials of all yield strengths typically used in automotive applications. In the endurance test, a minimum of two tests per material is recommended to obtain an accurate assessment. The endurance test was developed for low strength (tensile strength less than or equal to 300 MPa) coated steels of lighter gauges. This test is normally used for coated steels with tensile strength less than or equal to 500 MPa and gauges less than 1.2 mm. The weld property tests are designed primarily for gauges of 1.2 mm and heavier.
The specific type and number of tests required shall be at the discretion of the specifying party. While the test methods were developed to compare the welding behavior of different steel grades, they can be judiciously applied to evaluate other aspects of welding behavior. Not all of the above mentioned tests are required to establish the resistance spot welding behavior of a given grade of steel. The current level/current range testing and weld property testing together generally provide a good indication of the resistance spot welding behavior, whereas the DoE testing is intended to examine the robustness of a given grade of high strength steel to variations in key process variables.
The specific tests required to establish the resistance spot welding behavior of a given grade of steel should be agreed upon by the steel supplier (or test laboratory) and the automotive company (or buyer of the steel).
A commentary is provided in Annex E on alternative test methods and is intended to serve as a guide should the users of this document desire to utilize alternative test methods for the weld characterization of sheet steels. Because the weldability evaluation procedures in alternative methods deviate from the procedure described in this document, the use of the alternative test methods may add to the complexity and cost of the material evaluation. The type of evaluations required, and any deviations required to perform them, should be agreed upon between the party for whom the testing is to be performed and the testing laboratory.
Resistance spot welding behavior is dependent upon a wide variety of interacting material and weld process factors. To obtain repeatable and reproducible performance data, it is imperative that all experimental variables and the way a test is conducted be closely controlled. Therefore, the instructions for the various sampling and testing procedures in this manual are stated in mandatory language and should be followed as closely as possible. Deviations from the prescribed procedures or test methods, permissible with the consent of the party for whom the testing is performed, have to be noted and reported.
For the purpose of determining appropriate welding parameters and tests required, steel grades have been classified into four groups based on their minimum tensile strength. These groups are listed in Table 1. Also provided in Table 1 are examples of typical steel grades that fall into each of these four groups.
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This specification describes weld geometry and workmanship criteria essential to ensure the quality of automotive and light truck weldments. This specification covers the arc and hybrid arc welding of coated and uncoated steels.
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This specification expresses the quality characteristics and metrics pertinent to individual resistance spot welds on automotive aluminum structures. The acceptance criteria are the same for all welds regardless of the service load and intended to be applied in conditions typically encountered during manufacturing. Welds at variance from the stated weld quality criteria in this document can still have mechanical properties that satisfy product and design requirements as per agreement between customer and supplier. Any attempted application of this document or the evaluation criteria used herein to other uses, for example post-crash weld quality assessment, may lead to an erroneous result.
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This specification defines quality characteristics and metrics pertinent to resistance spot welds on steels used in automotive applications. The evaluation methods and inspection criteria specified herein can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of particular welding equipment and procedures used to weld a particular base material combination. The criteria and metrics are the same for all welds regardless of the service load. The quality standards established by this specification do not constitute a lower bound of suitability for service; welds that do not meet the weld quality criteria of this specification may be satisfactory for certain applications. The acceptance criteria of this standard are not intended for applications outside this scope (such as post-crash weld quality assessment): attempts to do so may lead to an erroneous result.
The specific type and number of tests that are required shall be at the discretion of the specifying party. While the test methods were developed to compare the welding behavior of different steel grades, they can be judiciously applied to evaluate other aspects of welding behavior. Not all of the above mentioned tests are required to establish the resistance spot welding behavior of a given grade of steel.
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This standard specifies the requirements for classification of weld-through paint primers only. The paint primers are classified based on the maximum coating thickness for successful welding and the welding procedure used during the classification test. This standard provides a system for paint manufacturers to classify the weldability features of weld-through paint primers. This standard is limited to weld-through paint primers only and does not include galvanized or other types of protective coatings.
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