This specification establishes minimum acceptable requirements for weld joint detail and fabrication by welding of rotating elements in new equipment. This specification also applies to the modification or repair by welding of rotating elements in existing equipment. Equipment types covered by this specification include, but are not limited to: crushers, fans, impellers, centrifugal impellers, kilns, pulpers, gears, sheaves, drive trains, crankshafts, flywheels, power transmission shafts, air moving devices, blowers, and rotating elements of hydro electric generating equipment. The intent of this specification is not to include steam or combustion turbine rotors, blading, or camshafts. This specification also applies to such products and procedures that are agreed to by the Manufacturer, Fabricator, or Repair Organization and the Owner.
Requirements contained herein are not intended to nullify or void the requirements of any law or governmental agency regulation or other codes applied to components. Additional requirements may be invoked by contract documents. The specification establishes the minimum acceptable practice at the time of its publication. It is not intended to restrict new developments or in any way to inhibit advances in the art and science of welding.
This specification is intended to promote the following:
(1) High quality construction and repair of welded rotating elements of equipment;
(2) Adequate initial and sustained performance of welded rotating elements of equipment;
(3) Personnel safety;
(4) Clear, concise fabrication practices that will be readily understood by the Manufacturer, Fabricator, or Repair Organization, Fabricator, Owner, and user; and
(5) Conservation of human and material resources in the fabrication of welded rotating elements of equipment.
This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). These measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way. The specification with the designation D14.6 uses U.S. Customary Units. The specification D14.6M uses SI Units. The latter are shown in appropriate columns in tables or within brackets ([ ]) when used in the text.
Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard, and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from other sources, including, but not limited to ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, and applicable federal and state regulations.
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The purpose of this specification is to establish minimum acceptable requirements for weld joint design and the fabrication by welding of presses and press components, and is not intended to apply to material feed mechanisms and tooling.
It shall also apply to the modification or repair by welding of new or existing presses or press components.
Its intent is to promote the following:
(1) High-quality construction and repair of presses
(2) Adequate initial and sustained performance of equipment
(3) Personnel and equipment safety
(4) Clear, concise fabrication practices that will be readily understood by the manufacturer, fabricator, buyer, and user
(5) Conservation of human and material resources in both manufacture and employment of equipment
This specification establishes the minimum acceptable practice at the time of its publication. It is not intended to restrict new developments or in any way to inhibit advances in the art of welding.
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This specification sets forth requirements dealing with the allowable stresses, welded joint design, workmanship, procedure and performance qualification, inspection, repair and post weld treatments of welded connections used in machinery and equipment, subject to static and cyclic loading. It is intended to be used in conjunction with other specifications that provide application specific requirements (such as D14.1, D14.3, etc.). In the event a conflict arises between the application specific standard and AWS D14.4/D14.4M, the application specific standard shall take precedence. The intent of this document is to establish the effect of weld joint geometry, welding practices, and quality control on allowable stress levels. The specification also provides practices that can be used for examination of welded joints used in fabrication of machinery and equipment.
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This specification applies to all structural welds used in the manufacture and repair of earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and ground-based material handling equipment.1 It reflects the welding practices employed by manufacturers within the industry and incorporates various methods which have been proven successful by individual manufacturers. No restrictions are placed on the use of any welding process or procedure, provided the weld produced meets the qualification requirements of this specification. No attempt is made to limit or restrict the progression of welding technology for earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and/or ground-based material handling equipment manufacturing and repair, nor should any such limitation be inferred. Design criteria for allowable stresses for the base and weld metal and the fatigue analysis for welded joints are not published in the specification. The user shall utilize AWS D14.4/D14.4M, Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment, or appropriate engineering practices and principles for design criteria.
The Manufacturer’s adherence to this specification shall include responsibility for the following:
(1) welding, as defined in 1.1.1, in accordance with this specification;
(2) producing welds as designated on drawings by appropriate symbols and notes, with sufficient detail to show joint preparation compatible with applied processes;
(3) providing and using written Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs);
(4) ensuring that qualified welders are used to make welds;
(5) recording and maintaining results of all welder performance and procedure qualification tests;
(6) controlling use of designated base metals and consumables;
(7) inspecting the welds to the requirements of this specification;
(8) having a quality system in place. The requirements of AWS B5.17, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Fabricators may be used as a guide in establishing this quality program. Accreditation of quality systems of welding fabricators may be obtained through the AWS Certified Welding Fabricator (CWF) or equivalent programs.
(9) determining the responsible technical authority when the term “Engineer” is used. If the Owner wants to assume engineering responsibility, it shall be specified in the contract documents.
The “Engineer” in this document shall have specific technical expertise, such as but not limited to welding engineering or design engineering.
Welding Engineer. The Manufacturer’s technical authority is typically responsible for developing Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS), Procedure Qualification Records (PQR), and Performance Qualification Test Records (PQTR). The Welding Engineer may also have expertise in weld process selection; weld metallurgy and weld filler metal selection; weld joint design and weld sizing; weld fixture design and weld robot programing; weld inspection and weld defect/failure root cause analysis. Qualifications for a welding engineer shall meet one of the following criteria:
(1) An AWS Certified Welding Engineer in conformance with the provisions of AWS B5.17 (Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers) or,
(2) IIW International Welding Engineer (IWE),
(3) Professional Engineer—Welding,
(4) An individual who by degree, training, or experience is qualified in welding engineering disciplines.
Design Engineer. The Manufacturer’s technical authority is typically responsible for developing equipment configuration; analyzing stress levels, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and strain gage data to mitigate stress hot spots; choosing steel material type and thickness; determining weld joint type and weld size; and evaluating cyclic loading and fatigue life. The Design Engineer may also provide judgments on weld defect criticality and weld inspection requirements. See AWS D14.4 Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment for design criteria for allowable stresses for the base and weld metal and the fatigue analysis for welded joints. Qualification for a design engineer shall meet one of the following criteria:
(1) Professional or Chartered Engineer—Mechanical, Civil, Structural, Agricultural, or
(2) An individual who by degree, training, or experience is qualified in design of structures.
1 For purposes of this specification, earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and ground-based material handling equipment are described as on- and off-highway machinery and associated implements, as well as support equipment such as conveyors. Products that this specification covers include, but are not limited to, crawlers, tractors, graders, loaders, off-highway trucks, power shovels, backhoes, mobile cranes, draglines, forklifts, power trucks, and similar equipment. Products such as gantry and jib cranes are not within the scope of this specification.
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AWS D14.1/D14.1M-2005: Specification for Welding of Industrial and Mill Cranes and Other Material Handling Equipment
Includes all amendments and changes through Amendment 1, August 2017
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The term cast iron encompasses a family of ferrous alloys with a variety of metallurgical, mechanical, and physical properties. The chemical composition and welding requirements of the metals vary within the family. This document discusses the relative weldability of various types of cast irons and the filler metals and processes used to weld them. It recommends the steps for qualification of welding procedures, welding operators and welders, and requirements for the quality of welds. The terms welding procedure, welding operator, and welder, are used as defined in the latest edition of ANSI/AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.
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This code covers the arc and braze welding requirements for nonstructural sheet metal fabrications using the commonly welded metals available in sheet form. Requirements and limitations governing procedure and performance qualification are presented, and workmanship and inspection standards are supplied. The informative annexes provide useful information on materials and processes.
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AWS D10.22/D10.22M-2021: SPECIFICATION FOR LOCAL HEATING OF WELDS IN CREEP STRENGTH-ENHANCED FERRITIC STEELS IN PIPING AND TUBING USING ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATING
This specification establishes the requirements for local heating of welds in creep strength-enhanced ferritic steels in piping and tubing using electric resistance heating. This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). Since these are not equivalent, each system must be used independently of the other.
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The ferritic/austenitic duplex stainless steels (DSSs) discussed in this document have proven to be weldable using proper welding procedures. The processes GTAW, GMAW (includes all transfer modes), SMAW, FCAW, and SAW have all been used with success on these alloys. Automatic and mechanized welding such as orbital welding with the GTAW, GMAW, and FCAW processes have also been used with success on duplex alloys. Manual welders that have experience with austenitic stainless steels should be able to apply many of the techniques they have learned from these alloys to the welding of duplex stainless steels, while of course keeping in mind the exceptions to be noted within this document.
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The scope of this document is multipass, orbital machine pipe groove welding of pipe by arc fusion processes with filler metal addition. The orbital machines described in this document are typically used to weld pipe in plants, such as power generation plants or chemical processing plants, and to weld transmission pipelines, both cross-country and offshore. Offshore pipeline construction includes "S-lay," "J-lay," and "Reel-lay." Each of these will be described in further detail. This guide is organized into sections describing welding processes, pipe beveling, pipe line-up, weld heads, nondestructive examination, plant pipe welding, cross-country welding, "S-lay" welding, "J-lay" welding, and finally reel lay welding. The guide concludes with a brief description of methods used to estimate consumable usage, engineering critical assessments, methods to calculate maximum repair lengths, and safety.
This document excludes orbital tube welding, which is addressed by AWS D18.1, Specification for Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube and Pipe Systems in Sanitary (Hygienic) Applications.
This document presents an overview of multipass orbital machine pipe groove welding including the welding processes, pipe beveling equipment, pipe line-up equipment, welding equipment, and nondestructive examination equipment. This document includes the steps required to prepare for and use multipass, orbital machine pipe groove welding equipment.
The alternative to multipass orbital machine pipe groove welding is manual welding, which includes welding with a torch, gun, or electrode held and manipulated by hand. Orbital machine welding is a form of mechanized welding which offers an alternative to manual welding when the investment in mobilization and equipment costs can be offset by productivity gains. The goal of this guide is to familiarize the reader with the orbital machine alternative to manual welding.
This standard makes use of both the International System of Units and U.S. Customary Units. The latter are shown within brackets ([ ]) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently.
Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from other sources, including, but not limited to, ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets (see Annex B) and applicable federal and state regulations.
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