This document discusses commonly used cementitious materials for concrete and describes the basic use of these materials. It is targeted at those in the concrete industry not involved in determining the specific mixture proportions of concrete or in measuring the properties of the concrete. Students, craftsmen, inspectors, and contractors may find this a valuable introduction to a complex topic. The document is not intended to be a state-of-the-art report, user’s guide, or a technical discussion of past and present research findings. More detailed information is available in ACI 225R-99, “Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements,” ACI 232.2R-03, “Use of Fly Ash in Concrete,” ACI 233R-03, “Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar,” and ACI 234R-06, “Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete.”
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This document is an introductory document on the topic of commonly used materials for reinforcement of concrete. This primer describes the basic properties and uses of these materials. It is targeted at those in the concrete industry not involved in designing with or specifying these materials. Students, craftsman, inspectors, and contractors may find this a valuable introduction to a complex topic. The document is not intended to be a state-of-the-art report, user's guide, or a technical discussion of past and present research findings on the subject.
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Aggregate properties and gradation significantly affect workability and finishability of freshly placed concrete and properties of hardened concrete including compressive strength, durability and abrasion resistance. Properties and accepted test methods discussed in this bulletin include: aggregate gradation; fine and coarse aggregate fineness moduli; relative bulk densities of wet, saturated surface dry, air-dry, and oven-dry aggregates; moisture absorption; shape angularity and surface texture; abrasion and impact resistance; permeability resistance to freeze thaw cycles and alkali-silica reaction; and chemical stability. Aggregate types including normalweight, lightweight and heavyweight natural aggregate; blast furnace slag aggregates; and recycled aggregates from crushed reclaimed concrete pavements are covered. Examples are provided on how to calculate and evaluate fineness modulus, batch mixture proportions adjusted for aggregate absorption, batch mixing water proportions, water cementitious ratios and bulk densities. Sampling aggregate methods to estimate average aggregate properties of large volumes or stockpiles, batches, or truckloads of aggregates are also covered.
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Building codes based on the International Code Council International Building Code or adopting ACI Code 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete place the responsibility on the building official to ensure properly qualified personnel conduct tests and inspections and install products. A guide has been developed to aid the building official in determining the appropriate qualifications: Requirements for Building Official Approval of Personnel Conducting Special Inspections, Tests, and Installation of Concrete and Related Products. This guide is available as a free download as a resource for the building official. The guide only includes nationally recognized certification programs and is intended to be modified where appropriate local or regional certification programs exist. To facilitate the approval process, checklists included in the guide may be downloaded individually for use on each specific project, as needed: Checklist for Qualified Personnel Conducting Tests; Checklist for Qualified Inspectors; and Checklist for Qualified Installers.
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FIELD GUIDE TO CONCRETE REPAIR APPLICATION PROCEDURES
Concrete Removal Using Hydrodemolition
This method may be used in a broad range of applications requiring concrete removal and surface preparation prior to installation of a repair material. Removal of deteriorated concrete may include concrete that is spalled, cracked, delaminated, chloride contaminated, carbonated, or damaged by fire or cycles of freezing and thawing. It may also include removal of sound concrete to provide proper clearance under the reinforcing steel or to provide a minimum thickness of repair material. The process may be used when vibration of the structure from the use of impact removal methods may lead to further damage or where vibration and sound is easily transmitted and will interfere with the simultaneous occupancy and use of the structure.
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FIELD GUIDE TO CONCRETE REPAIR APPLICATION PROCEDURES
Methacrylate Flood Coat
Flood-coating a concrete slab using methacrylates is used when there is a need to fill and bond small cracks, such as shrinkage cracks, as well as to seal the slab against the penetration of water, salts, or deleterious chemicals. Methacrylates have the added benefit of repairing some cracks and improving resistance to traffic wear. Cracks bonded using methacrylates can usually resist stresses caused by traffic vibration, but not structural stresses. Prior to installation, special care should be taken to ensure the cracks are open, clean, and free of any contaminants or other bond-inhibiting materials such as oil and grease. If structural repair of cracks may be required, consult a qualified structural engineer for evaluation. Ensuring a full-depth structural repair using gravity feed methods can be difficult, and although vacuum injection of methacrylates can be done, pressure injection using epoxies may be a preferred option (see RAP Bulletin 1, “Structural Crack Repair by Epoxy Injection”).
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FIELD GUIDE TO CONCRETE REPAIR APPLICATION PROCEDURES
Concrete Repair by Shotcrete Application
The shotcrete process is typically used to restore structural integrity, increase concrete cover over reinforcement, or both. It’s typically used when forming requirements are difficult or prohibitively expensive or as another repair tool in the designer’s and contractor’s tool kits.
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FIELD GUIDE TO CONCRETE REPAIR APPLICATION PROCEDURES
Slabjacking
Slabjacking is used to level and align concrete slabs-onground that have shifted due to settlement, erosion, flooding, or shrinkage of the soil or base below the slab.
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FIELD GUIDE TO CONCRETE REPAIR APPLICATION PROCEDURES
Leveling and Reprofiling of Vertical and Overhead Surfaces
Leveling or reprofiling is indicated whenever concrete with an unacceptable finish is exposed to the elements or in contact with aggressive chemicals. Leveling or reprofiling can be used on exterior or interior façades, foundations, beams, columns and soffits found in buildings, parking structures, retaining walls, bridges, storage tanks, and tunnels. It can also be used on interior façades and soffits of
process tanks, water treatment tanks, and secondary containment with different chemical exposures. Usually, leveling or reprofiling is used to improve the aesthetic appearance or prepare the surface for subsequent coating or application.
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