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Alternative Types of Roundabouts: An Informational Guide
Author(s): Tomaž Tollazzi|Published By:Springer|Published Year:2015|Size: 21 MB|Quality:Original Preprint
This book presents a history of roundabouts, an introduction to their design, calculations of their capacity and traffic-safety features. It describes the key features of standard roundabouts and their limitations. Alternative types of roundabouts are a fairly recent development and have only been implemented in a few countries to date. The book illustrates a broad variety of these recent alternative types of roundabouts, as well as proposed types still in the development phase, explaining for each the specific needs it meets, its advantages and drawbacks. In closing, the book offers an outlook on the role of roundabouts in future street traffic.Table of contents : Front Matter....Pages i-xivOrigins of Roundabouts....Pages 1-9First Developments of Different Roundabout Types....Pages 11-56Modern Roundabouts Design....Pages 57-116Recent Alternative Types of Roundabouts....Pages 117-155Alternative Types of Roundabouts at Development Phases....Pages 157-169General Criteria for Calculating the Capacities of Alternative Types of Roundabouts....Pages 171-183Non-motorized Participants on Alternative Types of Roundabouts....Pages 185-199Possible Ways of Roundabouts’ Development....Pages 201-206
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1.1 This European Standard establishes general principles for the execution of bored piles.
1.2 This European Standard applies to bored piles with:
— uniform cross-section (straight shaft);
— telescopically changing shaft dimensions;
— excavated base enlargements; or
— excavated shaft enlargements.
1.4 This European Standard applies to piles with the following rake (see Figure 4): — n ≥ 4 (Θ ≥ 76°); — n ≥ 3 (Θ ≥ 72°) for permanently cased piles.
1.5 This European Standard applies to bored piles with the following dimensions of the shaft or base enlargements (see Figure 3):
a) base enlargements:
1) in non-cohesive ground: DB / D ≤ 2;
2) in cohesive ground: DB / D ≤ 3;
b) shaft enlargements in any ground: DE / D ≤ 2;
c) slope of the enlargement in non-cohesive ground m ≥ 3; 1) in non-cohesive ground: m ≥ 3; 2) in cohesive ground: m ≥ 1,5;
d) base enlargements area of barrettes: A ≤ 15 m²;
1.6 The provisions of this European Standard apply to:
— single bored piles;
— bored pile groups;
— walls formed by piles.
1.7 The bored piles which are the subject of this European Standard can be excavated by continuous or discontinuous methods using support methods for stabilizing the excavation walls where required.
1.8 This European Standard applies only to construction methods that allow the designed cross-sections to be produced.
1.9 The provisions apply to bored piles constructed of:
— unreinforced (plain) concrete;
— reinforced concrete;
— concrete reinforced by means of special reinforcement such as steel tubes, steel sections or steel fibres;
— precast concrete (including prestressed concrete) elements or steel tubes where the annular gap between the element or tube and the ground is filled by concrete, cement or cement-bentonite grout.
1.10 Micropiles, mixed-in-place columns, columns constructed by jet grouting, ground improvement for piling, mixed-in-place pile bases and diaphragm walls are not covered by this European Standard.
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This textbook describes the basic mechanical features of concrete and explains the main resistant mechanisms activated in the reinforced concrete structures and foundations when subjected to centred and eccentric axial force, bending moment, shear, torsion and prestressing,. It presents a complete set of limit-state design criteria of the modern theory of RC incorporating principles and rules of the final version of the official Eurocode 2.
This textbook examines methodological more than notional aspects of the presented topics, focusing on the verifications of assumptions, the rigorousness of the analysis and the consequent degree of reliability of results. Each chapter develops an organic topic, which is eventually illustrated by examples in each final paragraph containing the relative numerical applications. These practical end-of-chapter appendices and intuitive flow-charts ensure a smooth learning experience.
The book stands as an ideal learning resource for students of structural design and analysis courses in civil engineering, building construction and architecture, as well as a valuable reference for concrete structural design professionals in practice.
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This thesis studied the effect of aging of intumescent coatings (ICs) on the reliability of protected steel columns in fire condition and developed a probabilistic approach to assess the service life of ICs applied on steel columns. In the study, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to obtain the reliability index or failure probability of steel columns protected by ICs subjected to compartment fires. The effect of aging of intumescent coatings on the failure probability of protected steel columns was investigated by using variable insulation property of intumescent coatings in the simulation. The test data on aging effect on insulation property of intumescent coatings from literature was used. Based on the reliability analysis, a probabilistic approach is given to determine the service life of intumescent coatings for steel columns. In that approach, the failure probability of the protected steel columns is compared with the target probability of the structural fire design. The approach can also be used for probabilistic analysis of steel columns protected by conventional inert fire protection materials.
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Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete remains the most comprehensive text for engineering students and instructors as well as practising engineers. This second edition has been updated to reflect recent amendments to the Australian Standard for Concrete Structures AS3600-2009. The content is presented in a clear, easy-to-follow manner and this edition features even more illustrative and design examples to aid comprehension of complex concepts. Part I addresses the analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures; Part II covers topics on prestressed concrete. Additional technical and practical information is set out in four appendices. Each chapter includes a set of problems that consolidates what students have learnt. Worked solutions to the problems are available to instructors on the companion website at
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. Thorough in its treatment, with many practical formulas, diagrams and tables, this book is an indispensable resource for students and engineers in their continuing learning and professional education.
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