Posted by: ir_71 - 11-14-2010, 06:21 AM - Forum: EN
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EN 15237:2007 Execution of special geotechnical works - Vertical drainage
This European Standard establishes general principles for the execution, testing, supervision and monitoring of vertical drain projects.
This European Standard includes the application of prefabricated vertical drains and sand drains and deals with requirements to be placed on design, drain material and installation methods. This European Standard applies to the improvement of low-permeability, highly compressible soils by vertical drainage and preloading. Information regarding loading (embankment, vacuum or ground water lowering) and preloading is given in informative Annexes A and B.
Vertical drainage is used both in on land and in marine constructions for the following purposes:
п‚ѕ (pre-)consolidation and reduction of post-construction settlements;
п‚ѕ speeding up the consolidation process by decreasing the path lengths for pore water dissipation;
п‚ѕ increase of stability (by increasing effective stresses in the soil);
п‚ѕ groundwater lowering;
п‚ѕ mitigation of liquefaction effects.
In each case there is an overall treatment of the soil (the volume of the drains is small in relation to the soil volume treated).
This European Standard does not include soil improvement by means of wells, gravel and stone columns, large-diameter geotextile enclosed columns or reinforcing elements.
Vertical drainage can also be combined with other foundation or ground improvement methods, e.g. electro osmosis, piles and compacted sand piles, dynamic compaction and deep mixing.
Guidance on practical aspects of vertical drainage, such as investigation of drain properties, execution procedures and equipment, is given in Annex A. Investigation of soil characteristics and assessment of design parameters, which are affected by drain properties and execution, are presented in Annex B.
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Introduction
This International Standard is intended to provide specifications for generation of fatigue crack growth rate data. Test
results are expressed in terms of the fatigue crack growth rate as a function of crack-tip stress intensity factor range,
, as defined by the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics [1]-[6]. Expressed in these terms the results
characterize a material's resistance to subcritical crack extension under cyclic force test conditions. This resistance
is independent of specimen planar geometry and thickness, within the limitations specified in clause 6. All values are
given in SI units [7].
This International Standard describes a method of subjecting a precracked notched specimen to a cyclic force. The
crack length, , is measured as a function of the number of elapsed force cycles, . From the collected crack length
and corresponding force cycles relationship the fatigue crack growth rate, , is determined and is expressed as
a function of stress intensity factor range, .
Materials that can be tested by this method are limited by size, thickness and strength only to the extent that the
material must remain predominantly in an elastic condition during testing and that buckling is precluded.
Specimen size may vary over a wide range. Proportional planar dimensions for six standard configurations are
presented. The choice of a particular specimen configuration may be dictated by the actual component geometry,
compression test conditions or suitability for a particular test environment.
Specimen size is a variable that is subjective to the test material's proof strength and the maximum stress
intensity factor applied during test. Specimen thickness may vary independent of the planar size, within defined
limits, so long as large-scale yielding is precluded and out-of-plane distortion or buckling is not encountered. Any
alternate specimen configuration other than those included in this International Standard may be used, provided
there exists an established stress intensity factor calibration expression, i.e. stress intensity factor function,
[9]-[11].
Residual stresses [12], [13], crack closure [14], [15], specimen thickness, cyclic waveform, frequency and environment,
including temperature, may markedly affect the fatigue crack growth data but are in no way reflected in the
computation of , and so should be recognized in the interpretation of the test results and be included as part of
the test report. All other demarcations from this method should be noted as exceptions to this practice in the final
report.
For crack growth rates above the typical scatter in test results generated in a single laboratory for a
given can be in the order of a factor of two [16]. For crack growth rates below , the scatter in the
calculation may increase to a factor of 5 or more. To assure the correct description of the material's
versus behaviour, a replicate test conducted with the same test parameters is highly recommended.
Service conditions may exist where varying under conditions of constant or control [17] may be
more representative than data generated under conditions of constant force ratio; however, these alternate test
procedures are beyond the scope of this International Standard.
Scope
This International Standard describes tests for determining the fatigue crack growth rate from the threshold stressintensity
factor range, , to the onset of unstable crack extension as the maximum stress intensity factor
approaches controlled instability, as determined in accordance with ISO 12737 [8].
This International Standard is primarily intended for use in evaluating isotropic metallic materials under
predominantly linear-elastic stress conditions and with force applied only perpendicular to the crack plane (mode I
stress condition), and with a constant stress ratio, .
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BS ISO 12107:2003 Metallic materials. Fatigue testing. Statistical planning and analysis of data
Introduction
It is known that the results of fatigue tests display significant variations even when the test is controlled very
accurately. In part, these variations are attributable to non-uniformity of test specimens. Examples of such
non-uniformity include slight differences in chemical composition, heat treatment, surface finish, etc. The
remaining part is related to the stochastic process of fatigue failure itself that is intrinsic to metallic engineering
materials.
Adequate quantification of this inherent variation is necessary to evaluate the fatigue property of a material for
the design of machines and structures. It is also necessary for test laboratories to compare materials in fatigue
behaviour, including its variation. Statistical methods are necessary to perform these tasks. They include both
the experimental planning and procedure to develop fatigue data and the analysis of the results.
Scope
1.1 Objectives
This International Standard presents methods for the experimental planning of fatigue testing and the
statistical analysis of the resulting data. The purpose is to determine the fatigue properties of metallic
materials with both a high degree of confidence and a practical number of specimens.
1.2 Fatigue properties to be analysed
This International Standard provides a method for the analysis of fatigue life properties at a variety of stress
levels using a relationship that can linearly approximate the material's response in appropriate coordinates.
Specifically, it addresses:
a) the fatigue life for a given stress, and
b) the fatigue strength for a given fatigue life.
The term “stress” in this International Standard can be replaced by “strain”, as the methods described are also
valid for the analysis of life properties as a function of strain. Fatigue strength in the case of strain-controlled
tests is considered in terms of strain, as it is ordinarily understood in terms of stress in stress-controlled tests.
1.3 Limit of application
This International Standard is limited to the analysis of fatigue data for materials exhibiting homogeneous
behaviour due to a single mechanism of fatigue failure. This refers to the statistical properties of test results
that are closely related to material behaviour under the test conditions.
In fact, specimens of a given material tested under different conditions may reveal variations in failure
mechanisms. For ordinary cases, the statistical property of resulting data represents one failure mechanism
and may permit direct analysis. Conversely, situations are encountered where the statistical behaviour is not
homogeneous. It is necessary for all such cases to be modelled by two or more individual distributions.
An example of such behaviour is often observed when failure can initiate from either a surface or internal site
at the same level of stress. Under these conditions, the data will have mixed statistical characteristics
corresponding to the different mechanisms of failure. These types of results are not considered in this
International Standard because a much higher complexity of analysis is required.
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# Full title: Geopolymers: Structures, Processing, Properties and Industrial Applications
# Author(s): J. L. Provis, J. S. J. van Deventer Editors
# Publisher: CRC Press / Woodhead Publishing / Taylor & Francis (June 2009)
# Language: English
# ISBN-10: 184569449X
# ISBN-13: 978 1 84569 449 4
Posted by: tynhanh - 11-14-2010, 01:41 AM - Forum: Archive
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Soft Soil Engineering: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Soft Soil Engineering, Hong Kong, 6-8 December 2001
Editors: A.K.L. Kwong, C.K. Lau, C.F. Lee, C.W.W. Ng, P.L.R. Pang, J.-H Yin, Z.Q. Yue
Hardcover: 720 pages
Publisher: Taylor & Francis; 1 edition (1 Jan 2001)
Language English
ISBN-10: 9026518668
ISBN-13: 978-9026518669
I need to know what is the steps of gaining of P. E. (Structural engineering) in newyork, USA. Additionally anyone please upload the related books, publications
Spreadsheet program written in MS-Excel for the purpose of analysis and code checking of steel members with various types of reinforcement configurations. Specifically, members are analyzed / code checked per the AISC 9th Edition Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Manual. Both actual and allowable stresses are computed, with the final result being a computed "stress ratio" of actual stress/allowable stress. Both the intermediate and end weld requirements for attaching the reinforcing to the existing member are determined.
Analysis of Existing Member Reinforced with:
- Plate at Bottom
- WT Section at Bottom
- I-Beam at Bottom
- 4 Symmetric Angles
- 4 Symmetric Round Bars
- Top & Bottom Plates
- 2 WT's (webs toed in)
- 2 WT's (webs toed out)
Code:
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Spreadsheet program written in MS-Excel for the purpose of analysis of steel joists considered as simple-span beams subjected to virtually any type of loading configuration. Specifically, beam end reactions as well as the maximum moments and deflections are calculated. Plots of both the shear and moment diagrams are produced, as well as a tabulation of the shear, moment, slope, and deflection for the joist span. There are two worksheets for selecting K-series and LH-series joists, and 2 worksheets which are the SJI Standard Load Tables.
- General standard joist analysis for steel joists for non-standard loads
- Analysis for typical, standard loaded, open-web K-series steel joists
- Standard (SJI) load table for open-web K-series steel joists
- Analysis for non-standard loaded, open-web KCS-series steel joists
- Load table for open-web KCS-series steel joists
- Analysis for typical, standard loaded, longspan LH-series steel joists
- Standard (SJI) load table for longspan LH-series steel joists
Code:
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Spreadsheet program written in MS-Excel for the purpose of designing steel checkered floor plate subjected to uniformly distributed loading.
Code:
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Spreadsheet program written in MS-Excel for the purpose of analysis of steel beams subject to concentrated loads. Specifically, web yielding, web crippling, and web buckling criteria are checked to determine if web stiffeners are required to resist the concentrated load. If stiffeners are required, the stiffener size and weld requirements are determined.
- Steel beam web stiffener analysis for concentrated loads
- Steel beam web stiffener analysis for concentrated loads (table version)
Code:
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