Proceedings of the Colloquium organized on behalf of the Coordinating Committee for Concrete Technology of RILEM (The International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures) by Institut für Baustoffkunde und Materialprüfung der Universität Hannover (Institute for Building Materials and Materials Testing of the University of Hanover), West Germany.
Hanover
October 3–5, 1990
EDITED BY
H.-J.Wierig
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Interim Guidelines for the Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete in Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Member Plants
These interim guidelines have been prepared in response to increasing use of and interest in Self- Consolidating Concrete (SCC) in the prestressed concrete industry throughout the United States. (Note: In current North American practice, the terms "Self-Compacting Concrete" and "Self-Consolidating Concrete" relate to the same material.) SCC is a highly workable concrete that can flow through densely reinforced or geometrically complex structural elements under its own weight and adequately fill voids without segregation or excessive bleeding without the need for vibration to consolidate it. The workability of SCC is higher than the highest class of workability associated with normal highperformance concrete typically used in precast/prestressed concrete fabrication plants. This workability can be characterized by the following properties.
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Publication No. FHWA-PL-07-027
HPIP/8-07(3.5)EW
Long-life concrete pavements require less frequent repair and rehabilitation and contribute to highway safety and congestion mitigation. The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study to identify design philosophies, materials requirements, construction procedures, and maintenance strategies used in Europe and Canada to build long-life concrete pavements. The scan team observed that concrete pavements in the countries visited are designed for 30 or more years of low-maintenance service life. The countries are responding to pavement-tire noise issues in urban areas by using exposed aggregate surface. Some use catalog designs for pavements and geotextiles as a separator layer between the cement-treated base and concrete pavement. Team recommendations for U.S. implementation include using two-lift construction to build pavements, developing pavement design catalogs, using better-quality materials in pavement subbases, paying greater attention to cement and concrete mixture properties, using a geotextile interlayer to prevent concrete slabs from bonding to the cement-treated base, and using exposed aggregate surfaces to reduce noise.
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Posted by: ir_71 - 11-16-2010, 09:15 AM - Forum: EN
- Replies (1)
EN 13031-1:2001 Greenhouses — Design and construction — Part 1: Commercial production
Part 1 of this standard relates specifically to greenhouses used for the professional production of plants and crops where human occupancy is restricted to low levels of authorised personnel. Other parts of this European Standard are to be prepared that relate to greenhouses where general access by the public is permitted (such as those in garden centres or expositions), and to small domestic greenhouses.
This European Standard gives rules for structural design and construction of greenhouse structures for the professional production of plants and crops.
It is based on ENV 1991 "Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures" as regards the general principles and requirements for actions, mechanical resistance and stability, serviceability and durability considerations. For structural design considerations, it is similarly based on the relevant parts of ENV 1992 to ENV 1999 (Eurocodes 2 to 9).
Complementary information is provided to account for the particular requirements, functions and forms of commercial production greenhouses that distinguish them from ordinary buildings. Amongst the distinguishing functional requirements of greenhouses are the desire to optimise solar radiation transmission to create and maintain an optimal environment for the growth of plants and crops, and commonly, to support the weight of growing plants. These have implications on the form and structural design of commercial greenhouses.
Greenhouse designs, based on this European Standard providing specific information about load distributions, deformation criteria and tolerances, adapting rules of Structural Eurocodes, ENV 1991 to
ENV 1999, result in adequate structural safety. This is justified because in contrast to normal buildings, greenhouses have specific design working lives and human occupancy is restricted to low levels of authorised personnel.
As rules and requirements of this Standard may become adopted by other European Standards, for example the Structural Eurocodes or codes for Glass in Building - Design of glass panes, these will be replaced by a reference to the adopting European Standard.
Design criteria for the accessibility of the greenhouses, e.g. ascents, workways, walkways, or roof ladders may be part of national legislation.
:JC_cheers:
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH CIRCULAR E-C102
Asphalt Emulsion Technology
Assembled by
Delmar R. Salomon
for the
Transportation Research Board
Characteristics of Bituminous Materials Committee
August 2006
Transportation Research Board
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
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Bituminous emulsions are complex fluids. Their stability is governed by intermolecular forces—a result of a balance of repulsive and attractive forces. The formulator skillfully
must understand and balance these forces such that the emulsion can be produced consistently, stored, pumped, transported, and applied by the practitioner in the field without experiencing any downtime in the operation.
Bituminous emulsions form the basis for many paving applications in our asphalt industry, including driveway sealants, cold-pour crack sealants, and roofing emulsions. Their
rheological (i.e., flow) properties often dictate the uses for which they are suitable. For example, the viscoelastic properties of a slow setting versus a rapid-setting emulsion are different. We expect one day to be able to use rheological properties of bituminous emulsions to predict their success or failure in their respective applications. Even when rheological properties are not critical in the final product, they influence the workability of the emulsion as it is applied in the field. This is true for fog or chip sealing emulsions.
Significant improvement has occurred over the years to make quality bituminous emulsion products and their subsequent application in the field. However there remains considerable work to be done in the sense that further improvement can only occur when the principles of chemistry and physics are fully incorporated into the practical engineering component of road building. The study of bituminous emulsion in our industry can only become less of an intellectual backwater when we begin to incorporate the new advances in experiment and theory of colloid science to create a renaissance in bituminous emulsions in our paving
industry.
Bituminous emulsions were discussed in a technical session at the 84th Annual Meeting
of the Transportation Research Board (TRB). The papers in this document were written
following the session and are based on the presentations; the papers in this circular have not undergone a formal peer review. The four papers serve as an overview of the chemistry, production, quality assurance testing, and application of bituminous emulsions. They offer the beginner a start in this exciting and challenging field of bituminous emulsions.
Appreciation is expressed to the authors for their contributions; to Robert McGennis, who
facilitated the first TRB bituminous emulsion technology session; and to Rebecca McDaniel,
who provided valuable editorial input to the text.
—Delmar R. Salomon
Pavement Preservation Systems
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Lifetime Estimation of Welded Joints
Author: Tadeusz Lagoda
True PDF file - 1.153 Kb - 124 pages
2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
ISBN: 9783540770619
e-ISBN: 9783540770626
In the paper the author attempts to assess the fatigue life of chosen welded joints. It focuses especially on chosen problems that accompany determination of the fatigue life of welded joints, taking into consideration the strain energy density parameter. Chapter 2 describes the welded joint as a stress concentrator. The state of stress and strain in the notch are described and theoretical and fatigue coefficients are indicated. The fatigue coefficient of the notch effect is estimated on the basis of fictitious radius in the notch root. Chapter 3 presents a model of fatigue life assessment under uniaxial stress state with statistical handling of data presented. The new energy model of fatigue life assessment, which rests upon the analysis of stress and strain in the critical plane, is described in detail in chapter 4. The principle of such a description is presented in the uniaxial as well as in biaxial state of loading. Chapter 5 contains the analysis of tests of four materials subjected to different loadings: cyclic, variable-amplitude with Gaussian distribution, and variable amplitude with Gaussian distribution and overloading for symmetric and pulsating loading. The analysis is based on the determined fatigue characteristics for all the considered materials. Chapter 6 shows the application of the model in the fatigue life assessment in the complex state of loading (bending with torsion of flange-tube and tube-tube joints) based on fatigue research of steel and aluminum welded joints carried out in well-known German centres. Proportional and out-of-proportional cyclic research are carried out. Additionally, the influence of various bending and torsion frequencies and proportional and out-of-proportional variable amplitude loadings are analyzed.
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Concrete in Coastal Structures
Edited by Richard T L Allen
ISBN: 9780727736376
Format: Paperbound
Publish Date: 09/04/1998
Publisher: Thomas Telford Ltd
Page Size: 276x219mm
Number of Pages: 312
Description
Many types of structure are subject to maritime conditions, and construction and maintenance of coastal structures is a major part of the construction workload of any country bordering the sea. This book is a comprehensive source of information for all who are concerned with the commissioning, design, construction or maintenance of concrete structures in or near the sea.
As well as describing the nature of the marine environment and the effects of man-made structures on the behaviour of the sea, this books deals with hydraulic design, the material properties of concrete and the design and specification of structures for coastal environments. The deterioration of concrete in coastal structures is usually a result of lack of durability rather than overloading, so much of the book has been directed towards the production of durable structures. British standards and other standards and codes from around the world are discussed, along with the planning of construction works under coastal conditions, and the maintenance of coastal structures.
All of the chapters were written specially for this book by practising engineers with specialised knowledge and wide experience of coastal engineering. As most of the authors have been responsible for work in many parts of the world, this book is relevant regardless of where coastal structures are situated.
Contents
The coastal environment and protection
Hydraulic calculation and armouring
Durability of concrete at the coast
Design guides and standards
Specifications Design of coastal structures
Movements and joints
Planning and construction
Maintenance and repair
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