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CS TR47: Durable Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridges

Posted by: ir_71 - 12-13-2010, 10:09 AM - Forum: Concrete - No Replies

Concrete Society TR 47 Durable Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridges

Report of a Working Party of The Concrete Society in collaboration with the Concrete Bridge Development Group. This fully revised and updated edition provides bridge engineers with authoritative, practical guidance on designing, specifying and constructing durable post-tensioned concrete bridges. A multi-layer protection approach to durability of post-tensioned construction is presented. The standards and practices outlined in the core of the Report are a package of design, materials and construction measures. For prestressing, quality forms the basis of the recommendations. It links recommended design details, specifications for duct and grouting systems, and a quality assurance scheme for supply and installation of post-tensioning systems. The scope of this second edition has been extended to include; external unbonded prestressing remedial (void) grouting of existing bridges updated information on new test methods. 70pages.

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Computational Methods in Earthquake Engineering (Computational Methods in Applied Sc

Posted by: cace-01 - 12-13-2010, 09:25 AM - Forum: Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering - Replies (12)

Computational Methods in Earthquake Engineering

Computational Methods in Applied Sciences - VOl : 21

This book provides an insight in advanced methods and concepts for structural analysis and design against seismic loading. The book consists of 25 chapters dealing with a wide range of timely issues in contemporary Earthquake Engineering. In brief, the topics covered are: collapse assessment, record selection, effect of soil conditions, problems in seismic design, protection of monuments, earth dam structures and liquid containers, numerical methods, lifetime assessment, post-earthquake measures.

A common ground of understanding is provided between the communities of Earth Sciences and Computational Mechanics towards mitigating seismic risk. The topic is of great social and scientific interest, due to the large number of scientists and practicing engineers currently working in the field and due to the great social and economic consequences of earthquakes
.

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Durability of Strain-Hardening Fibre-Reinforced Cement-Based Composites (SHCC)

Posted by: ir_71 - 12-13-2010, 05:25 AM - Forum: Concrete - Replies (2)

Durability of Strain-Hardening Fibre-Reinforced Cement-Based Composites

Strain-Hardening Fibre-Reinforced Cement-Based Composites (SHCC) were named after their ability to resist increased tensile force after crack formation, over a significant tensile deformation range. The increased resistance is achieved through effective crack bridging by fibres, across multiple cracks of widths in the micro-range. Whether these small crack widths are maintained under sustained, cyclic or other load paths, and whether the crack width limitation translates into durability through retardation of ingress of moisture, gas and other deleterious matter, are scrutinized in this book by evaluation of test results from several laboratories internationally. The durability of SHCC under mechanical, chemical, thermal and combined actions is considered, both for the composite and the fibre types typically used in SHCC. The compilation of this state-of-the-art report has been an activity of the RILEM TC 208-HFC, Subcommittee 2: Durability, during the committee life 2005-2009.
Content Level » Research

Keywords » Fibre-reinforced - SHCC - Service Life - Strain-hardening cement-based composite - cement durability

Related subjects » Engineering - Structural Materials

Contents
ix
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1 1
Gideon P.A.G. van Zijl and Folker H. Wittmann
1.1 Strain-hardeningCement-based Composites (SHCC) . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Classification and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Fundamentals of Durability Design for SHCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Crack Control as Durability Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Report Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Durability under Mechanical Load – Micro-crack Formation
(Ductility) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Gideon P.A.G. van Zijl
2.1 Introductory Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Ductility as Compared with the Sum of Possibly Imposed Strains . 10
2.3 Average and Maximal Opening of Micro-cracks during
Strain-hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.1 CrackWidth Evolution with Tensile Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 Fibre Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.3 Fibre Bond Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.4 Influence of Matrix Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.5 Age at Loading, Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.6 Crack Formation in Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Width ofMicro-cracks in Loaded and Unloaded Specimens . . . . . . 21
2.5 Influence of Crack Width of Micro-cracks on Permeability and
Capillary Suction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5.1 Water Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5.2 Gas Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
v
Durability of Strain-hardening Fibre-reinforced Cement-based
Composites (SHCC) – State-of-the-art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vi Contents
2.5.3 Chloride Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6 Sustained and Cyclic Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.7 Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.8 Abrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.9 Self-healing ofMicro-cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Durability under Chemical Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Byung H. Oh and Petr Kabele
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 Chloride Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.1 Chloride Penetration: Corrosion Protection of
Reinforcement in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.2 Effects onMicromechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.3 Self-healing and Effects on Performance in Uniaxial
Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 Hydrolysis and Leaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.1 Effects on the Fibre-matrix Interfacial Transition Zone . . 47
3.3.2 Effects onMicromechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4 Hot and Humid Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5 Alkali Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.6 Resistance with Respect to SulphateAttack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.7 Alkali-aggregateReaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4 Durability under Thermal Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Romildo D. Toledo Filho, Eduardo M.R. Fairbairn, and Volker Slowik
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.2 Behaviour at Elevated Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3 Thermal Cracking at EarlyAge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4 Frost Resistance and Action of De-icing Salts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.4.1 SHCC Freeze-thaw and De-icing Resistance as Tested
According to ASTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.4.2 SHCC Freeze-thaw and De-icing Resistance as Tested
with the RILEMTC-117 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5 Durability under Combined Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Folker H. Wittmann
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2 Imposed Strain and Penetration of Aggressive Compounds. . . . . . . 75
5.3 Frost Action and Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.4 Hydrolysis and Ultimate Strain Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.5 Mechanical Load and Alkaline Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Contents vii
5.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6 Durability of Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Atsuhisa Ogawa and Hideki Hoshiro
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.2 Typical Properties of Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.3 Durability of PVA Fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.3.1 Accelerated Test in Alkaline Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.3.2 Accelerated Tests in Chemical Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.4 Durability of PVA Fibre-reinforced Cement-based Composites . . . 85
6.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7 Durability of Structural Elements and Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Viktor Mechtcherine and Frank Altmann
7.1 General Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.2 Characteristic Mechanical, Environmental, and Combined Loads . 90
7.3 Basics for the Durability Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.3.1 General Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.3.2 Protection of Steel Reinforcement fromCorrosion . . . . . . 93
7.3.3 Durability of the SHCC Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.3.4 Fibre Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.3.5 Fibre-matrix Bond Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.4 Characteristic Material Properties to Predict Long-term
Durability and Service Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.4.1 General Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.4.2 Transport Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.4.3 Strain Capacity of SHCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7.4.4 Resistance of SHCC in Aggressive Environments . . . . . . . 100
7.4.5 Size Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7.5 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.5.1 General Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.5.2 Patch Repair of BridgeDeck;Michigan,USA. . . . . . . . . . 102
7.5.3 Surface Repair of RetainingWall; Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.6 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8 Durability, Economical, Ecological, and Social Aspects: Life-cycle
Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Michael D. Lepech
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.2 Life-cycle Impacts and Costs versus Initial Costs and Impacts of
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.3 RawMaterial Recycling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.4 Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
viii Contents
8.5 Conclusions and Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
KeyWords Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

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Rank of users and options enabled

Posted by: datagap - 12-12-2010, 11:36 PM - Forum: Suggestion & Complains - Replies (5)

Dear moderators and Admin,

I think, there is a necessity to be posted a list of options that are enabled only for registered users/vips/moderators when they post, use their CP, ect.

For example, I've found that I can't send private messages (probably, because of my rank?). I read that someone, also inactive, had tried to attach a file but he/she couldn't (because of the rank). Another one had inserted a hyperlink (such option exists) and received warning.

That's why, please, provide us with some more clearness about the dependence of the options enabled on the rank of the user. I suppose, it will not cost you so much effort, but will be very useful to all - both inactive users and moderators. Knowing what we are allowed to do and what - not, we will not spend time in trying disabled options, and reporting non-existing bugs. This will save your time too.

Excuse me, in the case that all this is somewhere explained. I read the rules, I searched by key words, but I could't find.

Thank you in advance,
Regards

Parking Generation, 4th Edition - Institute of Transportation

Posted by: eliefarah - 12-12-2010, 10:34 PM - Forum: Archive - Replies (1)

	Parking Generation, 4th Edition - Institute of Transportation Is it possible to get this book ?? i want it badly, i have the second edition and i need something new asap please :) thanks

The 2001 R. M. Hardy Lecture: The limits of limit equilibrium analyses

Posted by: Ayman10 - 12-12-2010, 10:23 PM - Forum: Archive - Replies (1)

	Would anybody upload the following paper please? The 2001 R.M. Hardy Lecture: The limits of limit equilibrium analyses by: John Krahn Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Volume 40, Number 3, 1 June 2003 , pp. 643-660(18). Thanks,

Curtain Walls - Recent Developments by Cesar Pelli & Associates

Posted by: cordoba123 - 12-12-2010, 05:24 PM - Forum: Architecture Books - Replies (3)

Curtain Walls - Recent Developments by Cesar Pelli & Associates

Book Description:

The curtain wall—a non-bearing wall attached to a building's structural frame like a curtain made of metal or, more likely
glass—is an omnipresent feature of contemporary architecture. Variations of pattern and color, transparency and opacity offer
the architect almost limitless design possibilities, a tremendous palette for "skinning" the structural frame of buildings from museums to skyscrapers.There are few practitioners of curtain wall design as accomplished as Cesar Pelli & Associates, and this book presents twenty of their most exemplary projects. Arranged by material—glass, metal, stone—the conception and development of each individual facade is revealed and construction details comprehensively documented through numerous drawings. Any practicing architect interested in state-of-the-art curtain wall design will need to own this indispensable and inspiring book.

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Introduction to structural dynamics and aeroelasticity: Hodges, Pierce

Posted by: SR71 - 12-12-2010, 04:25 PM - Forum: Analysis & Design - Replies (7)

Introduction to structural dynamics and aeroelasticity

Aeroelastic and structural dynamic phenomena play an important role in many facets of engineering. In particular, an understanding of these disciplines is essential to the design of aircraft and space vehicles and longest suspension bridge. This text provides an introduction to structural dynamics and aeroelasticity, with an emphasis on conventional aircraft. The primary areas considered are structural dynamics, static aeroelasticity, and dynamic aeroelasticity. The structural dynamics material emphasizes vibration, the modal representation, and dynamic response. Aeroelastic

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Pore structure of cement-based materials : testing interpretation & requirements

Posted by: ir_71 - 12-12-2010, 02:52 PM - Forum: Archive - Replies (1)

Pore structure of cement-based materials : testing interpretation & requirements

Author: Kalliopi K Aligizaki Publisher: Taylor & Francis | Year: 2005 | pages: 432 | ISBN: 9780419228004

Summary:
This book provides a clear introduction to the various experimental techniques used for characterizing the pore structure of hardened cement-based materials. It begins with a comprehensive outline of the traditional and the recently-developed techniques for determining the pore structure of hardened cement paste, and continues with a discussion of the methods used for air-void analysis in air-entrained concrete. Directed to the student and engineer, this volume serves as a useful introduction to the topic of microstructure characterization, and provides a comprehensive set of references for further information.

Contents:
Introduction. Pores in Cement Paste. Methods for Characterizing Pore Structure. Definition of Pore Structure Parameters. Specimen Pretreatment Techniques. Drying Techniques. Solvent Replacement. Preparation for Microscopic Analysis. Mercury Intrusion Porosimety. Theory and Testing Procedure. Plots Obtained. Range of Sizes Determined. Hysteresis in Pore Size Distribution. Advantages and Limitations. Gas Adsorption. Theory and Testing Procedure. Analysis of Data. Range of Sizes Determined. Adsorption Hysteresis. Different Adsorbates Used. Advantages and Limitations. Displacement Methods. Evaporable Water Content. Solvent Exchange. Helium Pycnometry. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Instrumentation. Theoretical Aspects. Pore Size Determination. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Advantages and Limitations. Small Angle Scattering. Theoretical Aspects. Experiment and Analysis. Plots Obtained. Range of Sizes Determined. Advantages and Limitations. Microscopic Techniques. Optical Microscopy. Electron Microscopy. Stereological Methods for Air Void Analysis. Comparison of Results Obtained by Various Techniques. Comparison with Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. Comparison with Nitrogen Adsorption. Comparison with Replacement Techniques. Comparison with Microscopic Techniques.

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Dear Friends, if someone of you have this book, please share it.

The Response of Nonlinear Multi-Story Structures Subjected to Earthquake Excitation

Posted by: Sumatra - 12-12-2010, 02:28 PM - Forum: Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering - Replies (1)

Giberson Beam: a classic lumped plasticity model for nonlinear analysis

Author: Giberson, M.F. | Size: 12 MB | Format: PDF | Publisher: Caltech | Year: 1967

This is a well-known classic thesis from Caltech entitled: the response of nonlinear multi-story structures subjected to earthquake excitation. The thesis has proposed the One-Component and Two-Component Beams model, a model to represent a nonlinear beam which has used the combination of spring - linear element - spring. This model was then enhanced and hence known as lumped plasticity model which is currently available in SAP2000/ETABS/Ruaumoko/OpenSees. In Ruaumoko, the author name is used as the name of a nonlinear elements in FRAME element (so-called Giberson beam).

The thesis is very useful in understanding the nonlinear model of beam especially for those who are interesting in analytical modelling.

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