Book: Soils And Foundations
Author: Cheng Liu, Jack B. Evett
ISBN: 0132221381
ISBN-13: 9780132221382, 978-0132221382
Binding: Hardcover
Publishing Date: Apr 2007
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Edition: 7th Edition
Number of Pages: 508
Language: English
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With the current water shortage in Australia, there is a need as well as opportunities to look for alternative sources of water for use in concrete production. Water authorities are increasing the supply of recycled water as ‘greywater’ for domestic use and as ‘reclaimed water’ for agricultural and industrial needs. They also encourage sewer mining by the private sector. In addition, it is possible to reuse higher proportions of wash water as well as combined wash water and slurries from concrete production operation (CPO) which will move the concrete industry toward zero-discharge facilities.
This report presents current information on the quality of concrete mixing water in terms of: mandatory limits and guidelines on impurities, as well as permissible performance variations stipulated in leading National and International Standards; and the impact of CPO water on concrete performance. New sources of reclaimed water which are or will be available for industrial usage are identified in terms of quality and impact on Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S). Based on this review, new opportunities and gaps in knowledge will be identified.
The objectives of this study are to:
- compile guidelines on quality of water suitable for making concrete in terms of the presence and limits on impurities;
- review the reuse of water from concrete production operation (CPO);
- review alternative sources of water supply, quality and impact on OH&S.
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This is a very good source of information for the preparation of construction for any structure.
1.1 Staking-out the Building
1.2 Laying the Batterboards
1.3 Formwork and Shoring
1.4 Construction Tools and Equipment
1.5 Major Part of Building
1.6 Foundation Bed
1.7 Site Investigation
1.8 Soil Mechanics
1.9 Excavation & Earthworking
1.10 Site Drainage
1.11 Slope Proteciton and Retaining Structures
1.12 Pavements
Type: PPT
Size: 13.0MB
Pages: 55
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There is increasing demand and interest in aggregates from non-traditional sources such as from industrial by-products and recycled construction and demolition (C&D) wastes. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) focuses on the removal and reuse of hardened concrete whereas the Department of the Environment and Water Resources in Australia and CSIRO have developed a guide on the use of recycled concrete and masonry materials.
The Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) in the UK classified aggregates from primary, recycled and secondary material resources. Recycled aggregates encompass industrial by-products and reused construction products, all of which were once considered wastes and dumped in landfill. The recently introduced European Standards for aggregates do not discriminate between different sources, and are for ‘aggregates from natural, recycled and manufactured materials’. The focus is on fitness for purpose rather than origin of the resource.
The purpose of this report is to review the various sources of aggregate and examine their potential use in concrete and/or road construction materials.
For the purpose of this report, the following classifications are adopted.
- Natural aggregate - Construction aggregates produced from natural sources such as gravel and sand, and extractive products such as crushed rock.
- Manufactured aggregate - Aggregates manufactured from selected naturally occurring materials, by-products of industrial processes or a combination of these.
- Recycled aggregate - Aggregates derived from the processing of materials previously used in a product and/or in construction.
- Reused by-product - Aggregates produced from by-products of industrial processes.
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Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia (CCAA) through its Manufactured Sand Subcommittee commenced research in 2004 to support the specification and use of manufactured sands. The first stage examined the physical and mineralogical properties of 21 samples of manufactured sand currently in production on the east coast of Australia. The samples chosen represented a range of rock types, company sources and locations. All were being successfully supplied in blends to the market. The purpose of the first stage was to determine suitable specification tests and specification limits for the supply of manufactured sand. It was the intention of the research to prepare a submission to Standards Australia for a redraft of AS 2758.1 to include manufactured sand.
The results of the first stage of the project were published in January 2007 in CCAA’s Research Report Manufactured Sand – National test methods and specification values. The report recommended that the LCPC packing density test and the Micro Deval test be investigated further and that the effects of the physical properties of manufactured sand on concrete mortar be investigated. This second stage of CCAA research into the use of Manufactured sand addresses these two recommendations. The first section of this report details the supplementary research into the Micro Deval and the LCPC packing density tests.
The second part of this report covers mortar trials on eight of the original twenty one manufactured sand samples.
The report includes:
- a description of each test and a discussion of its relevance to manufactured sands;
- an analysis of the specific test results from this programme and the relationship of the results to current standard specification limits (if known) for the method;
- a discussion as to whether the test method should stand alone or be reported and reviewed in conjunction with the results from other test methods;
- a discussion and recommendation as to whether the test method should be a source quality measure only (ie mainly used for monitoring the variability of a single source) or if it may be used for setting specification values used for control of many sources;
- recommendations regarding specification and/or variability limits.
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The reduced availability of natural sands, particularly along the east coast of Australia, and the need to better utilise sand-size material generated in the aggregate crushing process, has combined to encourage the development of 'Manufactured Sand'. This quarry product has been defined by the quarrying industry as:
"A purpose-made crushed fine aggregate produced from a suitable source material and designed for use in concrete or other specific products. Only source materials with suitable strength, durability and shape characteristics should be considered. Production generally involves crushing, screening and possibly washing. Separation into discrete fractions, recombining and blending may be necessary."
Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia (CCAA) funded a research project to investigate and to develop and recommend test methods and specification limits for manufactured sand. This report summarises the work undertaken between November 2004 and July 2006 and covers the following:
- a description of the test and a discussion of its relevance to manufactured sands;
- an analysis of the specific test results from this programme and the relationship of the results to current standard specifications limits (if known) for the method;
- a discussion as to whether the test method should stand alone or be reported and reviewed in conjunction with the results from other test methods;
- a discussion and recommendation as to whether the test method should be a Quality Control measure only (ie mainly useful for monitoring the variability of a single source) or whether it should be used for setting specification limits;
- recommendations regarding specification and/or variability limits.
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Hi,
can i request for a paper or document that pertains to the aforementioned subject. I was quite disappointed with my instructor in staad pro class because instead of using the pressure load for plates he used floor load area which i deemed to be wrong and i have learned it from this forum. I wanted to convince my instructor that really the procedure is not correct and that i have to present him a supporting document.
Thank you.
More Power to this Forum!
PE EXAM REVIEW MATERIAL-GEOTECHNICAL MODULE
PRODUCED BY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO (PUPR)
PAGES 419
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