Author: Hani M. Tawancy, Anwar Ul-Hamid, Nureddin M. Abbas | Size: 9.5 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: CRC | Year: 2004 | pages: 608 | ISBN: 0824757424
Features
Illustrates a wide variety of techniques to determine the cause and mode of failure and identify the weakest link in the design-fabrication-performance chain of a product
Provides the tools necessary to evaluate, predict, and prevent component failure in a broad range of materials
Contains a variety of case studies-arranged by industry-that showcase failures related to the processing of materials, manufacturing conditions, and noncompliance with operating instructions
Discusses faults due to shortcomings in design, casting, forging, welding, machining, and heat treatment.
Summary
Filling a gap in the literature, Practical Engineering Failure Analysis vividly demonstrates the correct methodology to conduct successful failure analyses, as well as offering the background necessary for these investigations. This authoritative reference covers procedures to reduce the occurrence of component failures due to errors in material selection, design, and manufacturing, as well as fatigue, stress, cracking, creep, and operating conditions.
A single-source tool to help professionals avoid costly system failures, improve plant operation and system reliability, and prevent accidents related to component malfunction
NTRODUCTION
Engineering Products and Their Performance
Engineering Properties of Materials
Classes of Engineering Alloys
Structure of Engineering Alloys
Failure of Engineering Products
Imperfect vs. Defective Products
Definition and Objective of Failure Analysis Investigations
Approach to Failure Analysis Investigations
Background Requirements of the Failure Analyst: Scope of the Book
ENGINEERING DESIGN-FABRICATION-PERFORMANCE
Introduction
Stages of Engineering Design
Material Selection
Fabrication of Engineering Alloys
Solidification of Ingots
Cold Working
Recrystallization
Thermomechanical Processing
Primary Fabrication Techniques
Secondary Fabrication Techniques
Joining Techniques
Service Performance
Common Causes of Failure
PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS
Introduction
Concepts of Mechanics
Concepts of Mechanical Force
Concepts of Work and Energy
Force and Motion
Conservation of Energy
Concept of Machines
State of Mechanical Equilibrium
Concept of Strain
Concept of Stress
Hook's Law
PROPERTY EVALUATION
Introduction
Nondestructive Tests
Destructive Tests: Measurement of Mechanical Properties
STRESS ANALYSIS
Introduction
Uniaxial State of Stress
Generalized State of Stress
Multiaxial Stress-Strain Relationship
Loading Conditions and Stress
Thermal Stress
Type of Stress Required to Produce Plastic Deformation
Maximum Stresses
Design Stresses
Criterion for the Onset of Plastic Deformation (Yielding)
Stress Concentration
Criteria for Mechanical Failure
Applications: Analysis of Stresses in Specific Components
Solved Problems
MACROSCOPIC ASPECTS OF FRACTURE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS
Definition of Fracture
Objective of Fracture Mechanics
Use of the Terms Brittle and Ductile in Fracture
Crack Loading Modes and Macroscopic Morphology of Fracture Surfaces
Crack Propagation Under a Plane Strain Condition
Crack Propagation Under a Plane Stress Condition
Crack Propagation Under a Mixed State of Plane Strain and Stress
Sequence of Events Leading to Fracture
Classification of Crack Propagation Modes According to Loading Conditions
Variables Affecting Fracture Behavior
Basic Principles of Fracture Mechanics
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)
Use of Fracture Mechanics in Design
Concept of Allowable Crack Size
Use of Fracture Mechanics in Failure Analysis
Selection of Materials Resistant to Fracture
STRUCTURE OF ENGINEERING ALLOYS
Introduction
Principles of Thermodynamics
Elements of Internal Structure
Structure of the Atom
Significance of the Electronic Structure of Atom
Electronic Structure and Chemical Properties: Classes of Elements
Origin of Interatomic Binding Forces
Types of Interatomic Binding Forces
Bond Strength and Properties of Materials
Arrangement of Atoms in Perfect Crystals
Understanding the Microscopic Plasticity of Perfect Crystals
Crystal Imperfections
Understanding the Microscopic Plasticity of Real Crystals
Alloy Phases and Phase Change
Equilibrium Phase Diagrams
Methods of Strengthening Engineering Alloys
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
Introduction
Techniques for Microstructural Characterization
Techniques for Chemical Analysis
Microstructural Engineering Alloys
CORROSION
Introduction
Low-Temperature Aqueous Corrosion
High-Temperature Corrosion
METALLURGICAL ASPECTS OF FRACTURE AND FRACTOGRAPHY
Introduction
Microscopic Aspects of Crack Nucleation
Microscopic Mechanisms of Crack Propagation
Fracture Modes and Fractography
FAILURE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
Introduction
Definition of the Problem
Technical Background
Experimental Program and Analysis
Mode of Failure vs. Cause of Failure
Data Interpretation and Terminology
Recommendations
Failure Analysis Reports
CASE STUDIES
Introduction
Failure of Engineering Alloys Due to Improper Processing Practice
Failure of Engineering Products During Manufacturing
Effect of Variations in Design on Service Performance
Failure of Engineering Products During Service Because of Unanticipated Service Conditions
Failure of Engineering Products During Service Because of Improper Material Selection
Failure of Engineering Products During Service Because of Improper Service Conditions
APPENDIX A: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SELECTED STEELS
APPENDIX B: UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS IN MECHANICS
APPENDIX C: MOMENT OF INERTIA OF SELECTED CROSS SECTIONS
INDEX
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Chapter 1. Introduction.
Chapter 2. Stress and Strain in Tension and Compression Within the Elastic Limit. Selection of Cross-sectional Area.
Chapter 3. Experimental Study of Tension and Compression in Various Materials and the Basis of Selecting the Permissible Stresses.
Part II. Complicated Cases of Tension and Compression.
Chapter 4. Design of Statically Indeterminate Systems form Permissible Stresses.
Chapter 5. Account for Dead Weight in Tension and Compression. Design of Flexible Strings.
Chapter 6. Compound Stressed State. Stress and Strain.
Chapter 7. Strength of Materials in Compound Stress.
Part III. Shear and Torsion
Chapter 8. Torsion. Strength and Rigidity of Twisted Bars.
Chapter 9. Torsion. Strength and Rigidity of Twisted Bars.
Part IV. Beading. Strength of Beams.
Chapter 10. Internal Forces in Bending. Shearing-force and Bending-moment Diagrams.
Chapter 11. Determination of Normal Stresses in Bending and Strength of Beams.
Chapter 12. Determination of Moments f Inertia of Plane Figures.
Chapter 13. Shearing and Principal Stresses in Beams.
Chapter 14. Shear Centre. Composite Beams.
Part V. Deformation of Beams due to Bending.
Chapter 15. Analytical Method of Determining Deformations.
Chapter 16. Graph-analytic Method of Calculating Displacement in Bending.
Chapter 17. Non-uniform Beams.
Part VI. Potential Energy. Statically Indeterminate Beams.
Chapter 18. Application of the Concept of Potential Energy in Determining Displacements.
Chapter 19. Statically Indeterminate Beams.
Part VII. Resistance Under Compound Loading.
Chapter 20. Unsymmetric Bending.
Chapter 21. Combined Bending and Tension or Compression.
Chapter 22. Combined Bending and Torsion.
Chapter 23. General Compound Loading.
Chapter 24. Curved Bars.
Chapter 25. Thick-walled and Thin-walled Vessels.
Chapter 26. Design for Permissible Loads. Design for Limiting State.
Part VIII Stability of Elements of Structures.
Chapter 27. Stability of Bars Under Compression.
Chapter 28. More Complicated Questions of Stability in Elements of Structures.
Part IX. Dynamic Action of Forces.
Chapter 29. Effect of Forces of Inertia. Stresses due to Vibrations.
Chapter 30. Stresses Under Impact Loading.
Chapter 31. Strength Check of Materials Under Variable Loading.
Chapter 32. Fundamentals of Creep Analysis.
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This book contains twelve selected papers presented at the ECCOMAS Thematic Conference — Mechanical Response of Composites, and the papers presented by the three plenary speakers.
It describes recent advances in the field of analysis models for the mechanical response of advanced composite materials, ranging from the simulation of the manufacturing process to the inelastic response and collapse of the material. The analysis models are based on recent advances in computational mechanics such as multi-scale modeling, cohesive and partition of unity models.
Content Level » Research
Keywords » composites
Related subjects » Mathematical & Computational Methods - Mechanical Engineering - Mechanics - Special types of Materials
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Computational Methods for Debonding in Composites, by René de Borst and Joris J.C. Remmers;
2 Material and Failure Models for Textile Composites, by Raimund Rolfes, Gerald Ernst, Matthias Vogler and Christian Hühne;
3 Practical Challenges in Formulating Virtual Tests for Structural Composites, by Brian N. Cox, S. Mark Spearing and Daniel R. Mumm;
4 Analytical and numerical investigation of the length of the cohesive zone in delaminated composite materials, by Albert Turon, Josep Costa, Pedro P. Camanho and Pere Maimi;
5 Combining elastic brittle damage with plasticity to model the non-linear behavior of fiber reinforced laminates, by Clara Schuecker and Heinz E. Pettermann;
6 Study of delamination in composites by using the serial parallel mixing theory and a damage formulation, by Xavier Martinez, Sergio Oller and Ever Barbero;
7 Interaction Between Intraply and Interply Failure in Laminates, by F.P. van der Meer and L.J. Sluys;
8 A Numerical Material Model for Predicting the High Velocity Impact Behaviour of Polymer Composites, by Lucio Raimondo, Lorenzo Iannucci, Paul Robinson and Silvestre T. Pinho;
9 Progressive Damage Modeling of Composite Materials under both Tensile and Compressive Loading Regimes, by N. Zobeiry, A. Forghani, C. McGregor, R. Vaziri and A. Poursartip;
10 Elastoplastic Modeling of Multi-phase Metal Matrix Composite with Void Growth using the Transformation Field Analysis and Governing Parameter Method, by Ernest T.Y. Ng and Afzal Suleman;
11 Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials by Asymptotic Expansion Homogenisation, by J.A. Oliveira, J. Pinho-da-Cruz and F. Teixeira-Dias;
12 On Buckling Optimization of a Wind Turbine Blade, by Erik Lund and Leon S. Johansen;
13 Computation of Effective Stiffness Properties for Textile-Reinforced Composites Using X-FEM, by M. Kastner, G. Haasemann, J. Brummund and V. Ulbricht;
14 Development of Domain Superposition Technique for the Modelling of Woven Fabric Composites, by Wen-Guang Jiang, Stephen R. Hallett and Michael R. Wisnom;
15 Numerical Simulation of Fiber Orientation and Resulting Thermo-elastic Behavior in reinforced Thermo-plastics, by H. Miled, L. Silva. J.F. Agassant and T. Coupez
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In 1992 the Centre of Environmental Science (CML) at Leiden University, The Netherlands, published a Guide on Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Many copies of this guide have been sold all over the world, setting the standard for a long time.
Since then LCA methodology has progressed enormously and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published a series of Standards on LCA. These developments have now been incorporated into a new Handbook on LCA authored by CML in cooperation with a number of other important institutes in the area of LCA.
The general aim of this Handbook on LCA is to provide a stepwise `cookbook' with operational guidelines for conducting an LCA study step-by-step, justified by a scientific background document, based on the ISO Standards for LCA. The different ISO elements and requirements are made operational to the `best available practice' for each step.
This book will appeal to persons from a wide range of scientific disciplines working in industry, in government, as consultants, or at university, who are interested in learning more about LCA and in performing LCA studies. It will be of especial interest to students and researchers in the field of LCA, industrial ecology, and those interested in environmental sciences in general.
CML is strongly involved in the development of a standard methodology to determine environmental impacts of products, i.e., LCA. This is done within international fora such as the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).
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Wood Modification: Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes
Author: Callum A. S. Hill | Size: 6.1 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Wiley | Year: 2006 | pages: 260 | ISBN: 978-0-470-02172-9
This book is exclusively concerned with wood modification, although many of these processes are generic and can be applied to other lignocellulosic materials. There have been many rapid developments in wood modification over the past decade and, in particular, there has been considerable progress made in the commercialisation of technologies. Topics covered include:
The use of timber in the 21st century
Modifying the properties of wood
Chemical modification of wood: Acetic Anhydride Modification and reaction with other chemicals
Thermal modification of wood
Surface modification
Impregnation modification
Commercialisation of wood modification
Environmental consideration and future developments
This is the first time that a book has covered all wood modification technologies in one text. Although the book covers the main research developments in wood modification, it also puts wood modification into context and additionally deals with aspects of commercialisation and environmental impact.
This book is very timely, because wood modification is undergoing huge developments at the present time, driven in part by environmental concerns regarding the use of wood treated with certain preservatives. There has been considerable commercial interest shown in wood modification over the past decade, with products based upon thermal modification, and furfurylation now being actively being marketed. The next few years will see the commercialisation of acetylation and impregnation modification. This is a new industry, but one that has enormous potential.
This book will prove useful to all those with an interest in wood modification including researchers, technologists and professionals working in wood science and timber engineering, wood preservation, and well as professionals in the paper and pulp industries, and those with an interest in the development of renewable materials.
Foreword.
Series Preface.
Preface.
List of Abbreviations.
1. The Use of Timber in the Twenty-first Century
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Nonrenewables: a Finite and Exhaustible Resource.
1.3 Renewable Materials.
1.4 The Global Timber Resource.
1.5 Timber Production.
1.6 Wood Preservation.
1.7 Preservative-treated Wood and Legislation.
1.8 Competition from Nonrenewable Materials.
1.9 The Need for Wood Modification.
1.10 Conclusions.
2. Modifying the Properties of Wood.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Wood Properties and Wood Modification.
2.3 Wood Modification Methods.
2.4 The Cell Wall of Wood.
2.5 The Chemical Constituents of Wood.
2.6 The Wood–Water Relationship.
2.7 The Mechanical Properties of Modified Wood.
2.8 Modified Wood and Biological Degradation.
2.9 Wood and Weathering.
2.10 Proof of Bonding.
2.11 Conclusions.
3. Chemical Modification of Wood (I): Acetic Anhydride Modification.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Reaction Protocols.
3.3 Cell Wall Reactivity.
3.4 Analysis of Anhydride-modified Wood.
3.5 Dimensional Stability.
3.6 Mechanical Properties.
3.7 Microbiological Degradation.
3.8 Biological Degradation by Insects and Marine Organisms.
3.9 Moisture Relationships of Anhydride-modified Wood.
4. Chemical Modification of Wood (II): Reaction with Other Chemicals.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Reaction of Wood with Other Noncyclic Anhydrides.
4.3 Reaction of Wood with Cyclic Anhydrides.
4.4 Acetylation Using Ketene Gas.
4.5 Carboxylic Acid Modification.
4.6 Acid Chloride Modification.
4.7 Isocyanate Modification.
4.8 Epoxide Modification.
4.9 Alkyl Halide Modification.
4.10 Aldehyde Modification.
4.11 Cyanoethylation.
4.12 Beta-Propiolactone.
4.13 Quinone Methides.
4.14 Conclusions.
5. Thermal Modification of Wood.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Process Variables.
5.3 Chemical Changes in Wood due to Thermal Modification.
5.4 Physical Changes in Wood due to Thermal Modification.
5.5 Biological Properties of Thermally Modified Wood.
5.6 Compressed Wood.
5.7 Oil Heat-treatments.
5.8 Conclusions.
6. Surface Modification.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Surface Chemical Modification for UV Stability.
6.3 Modification to Render the Wood Surface Hydrophobic.
6.4 Surface Chemical Modification for Bonding.
6.5 Enzymatic Modification.
6.6 Corona or Plasma Discharge.
6.7 Conclusions.
7. Impregnation Modification.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Resin Treatments.
7.3 Impregnations using Silicon-containing Compounds.
7.4 Other Inorganic Cell Wall Precipitation Treatments.
7.5 Cell Wall Impregnation with Monomers.
7.6 Cell Wall Impregnation with Polymers.
7.7 Conclusions.
8. Commercialization of Wood Modification.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Thermal Modification.
8.3 Oil Heat Modification/Treatments.
8.4 Acetylation.
8.5 Impregnation Modification.
8.6 Conclusions.
9. Wood Modification: Environmental Considerations and Future Developments.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Principles of the Determination of Environmental Impact.
9.3 Methods of Determining Environmental Impacts.
9.4 The Environmental Impact of Wood Modification.
9.5 Industrial Ecology and Wood Modification.
9.6 The Future of Wood Modification.
References.
Index.
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STEP BY STEP DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS (BEAM, COLUMN, FOOTING, ONE-WAY SLAB, TWO-WAY SLAB, CORBEL, PILE CAP & WALL) ACCORDING TO ACI 318-05
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A State-of-the-Art Review of High Performance Concrete Structures Built in Canada: 1990-2000
Author: John A. Bickley Denis Mitchell | Size: 2.9 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: The Cement Association of Canada | Year: 2001 | pages: 122
In the search for durability, researchers in Canada and in other countries sought for higher performance materials. Technology from other countries, notably France, Norway, Japan and Germany, was incorporated into developments in Canada in the 1980s. High Performance Concrete (HPC) was included in this research. With the establishment of Concrete Canada (CC) in 1990, a co-ordinated and concentrated programme of research commenced. In 1994, this programme expanded to include demonstration projects to implement HPC technology on construction sites. Technology Transfer was a primary goal of CC. Many seminars, workshops and technology transfer days were held across Canada, by CC alone, in co-operation with American Concrete Institute (ACI) Chapters, the Cement Association of Canada (CAC) and its member companies, and for specific entities such as Provincial Highway Departments and Cities.
Between 1990 and 2000, CC researchers published over 400 Papers in scientific journals. It seemed appropriate, as the old millennium ended, to assess the practice in the use of HPC in Canada over the past 10 years. The extent of its use, the varying specifications, results, economics and problems encountered have been reviewed. Looking ahead, areas for ongoing research and development have been identified. The study demonstrates that, for those who have correctly implemented this technology, HPC is the high quality concrete of choice for high strength, durability and optimum lifecycle costs.
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Ultrasonic evaluation methods applicable to polymer concrete composites
Author: Andrzej Garbacz, Edward J. Garboczi | Size: 3 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: NIST | Year: 2003 | pages: 76
This publication is the final report on the three-year project entitled "Ultrasonic evaluation methods applicable to polymer concrete composites." The project was sponsored by the M.Skłodowska-Curie US-Polish Joint Fund II. The project was collaboratively carried out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA and the Institute of Construction Engineering and Management (ICEM), Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland. Edward J. Garboczi (NIST) and Andrzej Garbacz (ICEM, from Prof. Lech Czarnecki’s Building Polymer Composites Group), were the principal investigators.
The main objective of the project was to evaluate the possibility of implementing ultrasonic
methods for the nondestructive assessment of polymer composite properties. The two main fields
of polymer composite applications, anticorrosion protection of concrete structures (including
industrial floors) and polymer concrete pre-cast elements, were both taken into account. The
possibility of nondestructive evaluation of the quality of multi-layer repair systems, including
adhesion mapping, has arisen as the most interesting result of the project. The design of the
experimental program was developed by the principal investigators, and was carried out at the
ICEM laboratories. NIST also collaborated in the interpretation of the test results and preparation
of the report.
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Author: Rangachari Narayanan, V. Kalyanaraman | Size: 10.28 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Institute for Steel Development And Gro | Year: 2003 | pages: 198 | ISBN: none
FOREWARD
INSDAG has played a pivotal role over the last few years in propagating the awareness amongst students, faculties of various engineering institutes and experts and professionals from various industries, about the advantages and benefits of usage of steel in the construction sector. It is now being accepted by most engineering professionals both academic and industrial, that the main stumbling block in the development of the steel construction industry in India is the primitiveness of the methods of design adopted by the Indian codes as against the international codes which allow higher flexibility in design approach. The relevant Indian codes of practice (IS: 800-1984 and IS: 801-1975) applicable for hot-rolled and cold-formed steel are based on the "Allowable Stress Design" approach as against the more internationally popular "Limit State Method" approach which has been proved to be technically sound and its use results in optimum economy of the structure.
With the technical contributions from leading academics and professionals, INSDAG has already brought out various publications on the design methodology of steel structures using the Limit State Method of Design (LSM), which have been beneficial to the engineering fraternity in learning the most intricate facets in LSM design. On request from INSDAG, this publication in the form of a Guide book has been written and compiled by Dr. Rangachari Narayanan and Dr. V. Kalyanraman for the benefit of not only the student community both under-graduate and post graduate level, but also other engineering professionals across the country, since most of the engineering institutions have started including the LSM design in their curriculum and also the engineering professionals need to update themselves with the latest technological advancements. The publication is very timely as it coincides with the revision of IS: 800- 1984, which is at its advanced stage.
The entire book has been reviewed by^Dr. T. K. Bandyopadhyay, Deputy Director General and Mr. Arijit Guha, Manager (Civil & Structural). Comments and suggestions received from a large number of faculty member*, have been incorporated. INSDAG expresses its indebtedness to Dr. R. Narayanan and Dr. V. Kalyanraman, academics and researchers of international experience for agreeing to bring'out this publication.
Kolkata: February 2003
Special Note
The entire document has been written considering Limit State Method of design following stipulations laid down in the relevant British code, BS: 5950 Part -1, 3 & 5 and Eurocode - 3 & 4. Since IS: 800 (Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel) is presently being revised to Limit State version, this guide book may undergo certain modifications in some chapters after the publication of revised IS: 800 (LSM version) to accommodate the possible variation in stipulations that are likely to be considered in the revised code.
However, this document will be extremely useful to the students of Civil I Structural Engineering to understand the theoretical background associated with advancement in structural steel design based on Limit State Method.
DIRECT LINKS
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