ISO 80000-2 gives general information about mathematical signs and symbols, their meanings, verbal
equivalents and applications.
The recommendations in ISO 80000-2 are intended mainly for use in the natural sciences and technology, but
also apply to other areas where mathematics is used.
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Crop production in greenhouses is a growing industry, especially in mild climates, and is very important for the population as a source of income and clean, fresh food. Greenhouses create optimal climate conditions for crop growth and protect crops from outside pests. At the same time greenhouse production increases water use efficiency and makes integrated production and protection (IPP) possible. This book provides technical instructions for practice (what to do and what not to do) and gives answers to the question: How to produce more clean crops and better quality with less water, less land and less pesticide. Suitable greenhouse constructions and their design, adapted to local climates in subtropical, tropical and arid regions and infrastructure conditions are presented. The necessary climate control measures - light transmittance, ventilation, cooling, heating, and CO2 enrichment - and physical measures for pest control, as well as methods for using solar energy to desalinate salty water are described. The results of theoretical research are transferred into methods for practical use, so that readers are equipped to solve their problems in practice as well as to get stimulation for further research and development.
Content Level » Research
Keywords » climate control - greenhouse construction - greenhouse design - greenhouse systems - warm climate
Related subjects » Agriculture - Plant Sciences
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.- Climate conditions and classification.- Crop growth requirement and climate control.- General design criteria for greenhouses.- Greenhouse constructions.- Light transmittance of greenhouses.- Cladding material.- Greenhouse components, mounting, installation and maintenance.- Ventilation.- Insect screening.- Cooling.- Heating.- Crop water requirement and water use efficiency.- Rain water collection and storage. Desalination of salty water and closed system greenhouse.- CO2 enrichment.- References.- Annexes.
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Posted by: budis - 12-19-2010, 06:38 AM - Forum: Archive
- No Replies
Title : "On the Response Modification Factors for Reinforced Concrete Building"
Author : F Fischinger & Peter Fajfar
Conference : Proceeding 4th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, page 249-258
Location : Palm Spring, California, USA
Year : 1990
Language : English
Title : "An Investigation of Structural Response Modification Factors"
Author : C. Rojahn
Conference : Proceeding 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, page1087-1092
Location : Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan
Year : 1988
Language : English
Title : "Establishing R or Rw & Cd Factors for Building Seismic Provisions"
Author : Chu Min Uang
Journal : Structural Engeering ASCE Vol 117, No 1 page 19-28
Year : 1991
Language : English
Title : "Strength & Ductility Consideration in Seismic Design"
Author : J.D. Osteraas & H Krawinkler
Report : Report No 90 The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University
Publisher : The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University
Year : 1991
Language : English
Title : "Seismic Demand for SDOF & MDOF Systems"
Author : A.A. Nassar & H. Krawinkler
Report : Report No 95 The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University
Publisher : The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University
Year : 1991
Language : English
Commentary and worked examples to EN 1993-1-10 “Material toughness and through thickness properties“ and other toughness oriented rules in EN 1993
Author: G. Sedlacek, M. Feldmann, B. Kühn, D. Tschickardt, S. Höhler, C. Müller, W. Hensen, N. Stranghöner, W. Dahl, P. Langenberg, S. Münstermann, J. Brozetti, J. Raoul, R. Pope, F. Bijlaard | Size: 25.9 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: European Communities | Year: 2008 | pages: 262
This joint ECCS-JRC report is part of a series of background-documents in support to the implementation of Eurocode 3. It provides background information on the specific issue of design rules affected by the toughness of steel.
In its various parts, EN 1993 – Eurocode 3 currently addresses steel properties essentially with regard to strength. The toughness properties are also dealt with in Part 1-10 and Part 1-12.
The interrelation between toughness properties and the safety of steel structures is not commonly known, and therefore EN 1993-1-10 does not explicitly address this issue. The background material to EN 1993-1-10 presented in this report provides the necessary explanations on the underlying principles and their application rules. It also opens the door to the application of these principles to situations not yet fully covered by EN 1993.
Due to its rather innovative character, some of the contents of this joint ECCS-JRC still needs to be complemented through additional research likely to be carried out in the context of the further development of Eurocode 3.
The European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS) has initiated the development of this commentary in the frame of the cooperation between the Commission (JRC) and the ECCS for works on the further evolution of the Eurocodes. It is therefore published as a Joint Commission (JRC)-ECCS-report.
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Seismic Retrofit of RC Frame Buildings with Masonry Infill Walls: Literature Review and Preliminary Case Study
Author: Mike Griffith | Size: 0.87 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: European Communities | Year: 2008 | pages: 83
The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible seismic retrofit options for use in the seismic upgrade of a рeinforced concrete frame building with brick masonry infill walls. The building is typical of a Mediterranean European country (e.g., Greece, Italy, Portugal) and while designed according to the state-of-the-art over 40 years ago, it does not meet the present day seismic design requirements and contains a number of now “well-recognised” seismic design deficiencies and problems such as:
• inadequate beam-column joint details (discontinuous, inadequately anchored bottom beam steel and inadequate shear reinforcement);
• inadequate confinement of columns (stirrups with 90° bends and spacing of 10 bd to 12.5 bd);
• inadequate column splice joint details;
• weak-column strong-beam frame collapse mechanism; and
• brick masonry infill wall interaction with frame response.
The overall aim of this project was to identify the optimal combination of retrofit options that would enable the building to meet the present-day “life-safety” performance criteria for buildings subject to a design magnitude earthquake. As part of this study, a detailed review of the broader literature in the area of seismic rehabilitation was undertaken in conjunction with a preliminary assessment of the building’s seismic capacity. Based on these findings, a number of retrofit schemes will be investigated analytically in order to identify the most suitable course of action.
In the present paper, a summary of that literature review is given, followed by the results of the preliminary assessment of the seismic resistance of the building, and a description of several seismic retrofit scheme options for further detailed study. The effectiveness of the retrofit scheme eventually selected from among the options discussed here will be tested using full-scale pseudo-dynamic tests at the ELSA laboratory of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Italy. The results of these detailed analyses and tests will be reported in future publications.
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