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Towards a Better Built Environment - Innovation, Sustainability,
Information Technology
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This guide is intended for the prediction of shrinkage and creep in compression in hardened concrete. It may be assumed that predictions apply to concrete under tension and shear. It outlines the problems and limitations in developing prediction equations for shrinkage and compressive creep of hardened concrete. It also presents and compares the prediction capabilities of four different numerical methods. The models presented are valid for hardened concrete moist cured for at least 1 day and loaded after curing or later. The models are intended for concretes with mean compressive cylindrical strengths at 28 days within a range of at least 20 to 70 MPa (3000 to 10,000 psi). This document is addressed to designers who wish to predict shrinkage and creep in concrete without testing. For structures that are sensitive to shrinkage and creep, the accuracy of an individual model’s predictions can be improved and their applicable range expanded if the model is calibrated with test data of the actual concrete to be used in the project.
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[Thesis] Experimental and numerical investigations of higher mode effects on seismic inelastic response of reinforced concrete shear walls
Author: Iman Ghorbanirenani | Size: 13 MB | Format:PDF | Year: December 2010 | pages: 254
Abstract
Past numerical simulations performed by previous researchers have shown that higher mode response can be significant for high-rise reinforced concrete shear walls used in building structures to resist lateral loads, when subjected to ground motions rich in high frequency that are expected in earthquakes occurring in Eastern North America. Higher mode response can lead to the development of plastic hinges in the upper portion of walls, in addition to the base plastic
hinge assumed in design according to current codes and design standards. Higher mode effects can also result in significant dynamic shear amplification at the base of walls, in excess of the shear resistance prescribed in current code documents. Experimental testing was needed on reinforced concrete walls under Eastern North America earthquake motions to validate these higher mode effects predicted by numerical simulations. This thesis presents two experimental programs together with companion numerical studies that were carried out on reinforced concrete shear walls: static tests and dynamic (shake table) tests.
The first series of experiments were monotonic and cyclic quasi-static testing on ductile reinforced concrete shear wall specimens designed and detailed according to the seismic provisions of NBCC 2005 and CSA-A23.3-04 standard. The tests were carried out on full-scale and 1:2.37 reduced scale wall specimens to evaluate the seismic design provisions and similitude law and determine the appropriate scaling factor that could be applied for further studies such as dynamic tests. Ductile flexural response was observed under cyclic loading up to a displacement ductility of 4.0. At this deformation level, inelastic shear deformations in the plastic hinge contributed to approximately 20% of the total lateral deformation. In the subsequent cycles, strength degradation took place due to shear sliding developing along the large flexural cracks at the wall base. Comparisons of the test results between prototype and reduced scale walls showed excellent agreement, which proved that using of scaling factor around 2.3 for the model wall could adequately predict the inelastic responses of prototype reinforced concrete shear walls
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Written by an eminent authority in the field, Modelling of Mechanical Systems: Fluid-Structure Interaction is the third in a series of four self-contained volumes suitable for practitioners, academics and students alike in engineering, physical sciences and applied mechanics. The series skilfully weaves a theoretical and pragmatic approach to modelling mechanical systems and to analysing the responses of these systems. The study of fluid-structure interactions in this third volume covers the coupled dynamics of solids and fluids, restricted to the case of oscillatory motions about a state of static equilibrium. Physical and mathematical aspects of modelling these mechanisms are described in depth and illustrated by numerous worked out exercises.
* Written by a world authority in the field in a clear, concise and accessible style
* Comprehensive coverage of mathematical techniques used to perform computer-based analytical studies and numerical simulations
* A key reference for mechanical engineers, researchers and graduate students.
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In general practice, for the crack control of reinforced concrete (RC) members, reinforcement corresponding to the internal forces that lead to single cracks must be provided. This approach is extended to the cases of restrained thermal loading and concrete shrinkage, which can be considered as peculiarities of imposed loading. Therefore, an analytical model for the case of direct tension is derived as an extension of the CEB-FIP Model Code 90 and Eurocode 2 approach, which distinguishes between crack development caused by thermal loading and shrinkage and the state of crack development with single cracks and the state of stabilized cracking. Basic examples are examined to illustrate the respective characteristic properties and mutual influence of imposed deformations, crack development, and stiffness. The model is validated based on a comparison with the experimental results.
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Evaluation of Plastic Rotation Demands for Earthquake Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Author: Tae-Sung Eom, Hong-Gun Park, and Sung-Gul Hong | Size: 2 MB | Format:PDF
To ensure the safety of reinforced concrete structures against
earthquakes, it is necessary to evaluate the safety of each member
against the plastic rotation demand. In this study, a simplified
method was developed to estimate the plastic rotation demand of
the members on the basis of the results of elastic analysis/design.
By using a story subframe model in regular multi-story moment
frames, the relationship between the story-drift demand and the
member plastic rotation demands was derived. In the proposed
method, the effects of various design parameters, including the
building configuration, member stiffness, redistributed moment,
and story-drift ratio, were considered. The proposed method was
applied to the seismic design of a moment frame and a dual system,
and the prediction results were compared to the results of nonlinear
analysis. In addition, the experimental verification to a small-scale
multi-story moment frame was also made.
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This paper proposes a new set of general and rational concepts useful in identifying and defining the ultimate behavior of two-dimensional reinforced concrete beam-column joints subjected to lateral load. It is based on a model that reflects observations of the crack pattern at failure and its compatible kinematic fieldoverlooked in previous research.
The kinematic model, called a nine-parameter model, is combined with nonlinear constitutive relations for concrete and steel. New concepts of ultimate moment capacity and moment at balanced failure of beam-column joints are defined. The upper bound value of reinforcement precluding joint failure before yielding of longitudinal reinforcement is also defined. In addition, this paper demonstrates how the concepts are used to derive a set of simple algebraic expressions that can be applied to design, taking as an example the simplified case of a symmetric interior beam-column joint subjected to symmetric couples transmitted through the four connected members without joint shear reinforcement or mid-layer longitudinal reinforcement in the column. The factors affecting the moment capacity and the upper bound value of reinforcement are identified by comparing the mathematical prediction to the results of the example.
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The comprehensive reference on the basics of structural analysis and design, now updated with the latest considerations of building technology
Structural design is an essential element of the building process, yet one of the most difficult to learn. While structural engineers do the detailed consulting work for a building project, architects need to know enough structural theory and analysis to design a building. Most texts on structures for architects focus narrowly on the mathematical analysis of isolated structural components, yet Building Structures looks at the general concepts with selected computations to understand the role of the structure as a building subsystem—without the complicated mathematics.
New to this edition is a complete discussion of the LRFD method of design, supplemented by the ASD method, in addition to:
The fundamentals of structural analysis and design for architects
A glossary, exercise problems, and a companion website and instructor's manual
Material ideally suited for preparing for the ARE exam
Profusely illustrated throughout with drawings and photographs, and including new case studies, Building Structures, Third Edition is perfect for nonengineers to understand and visualize structural design.
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Rockfill is an inexpesive material which can be put to many uses in civil engineering, particularly in the field of hydraulic engineering, where its durability, weight, permeability, roughness and flexibility may all employed to advantage.
In this book Professor Stephenson presents the general theory for design of rockfill structures. He assembles and condenses into usable form much research literature on the flow through and over rockfill and the stability of rockfill subject to hydraulic forces. The theory is then applied to the design of such hydraulic works as dams, breakwaters, drainage and earth retaining structures.
An assessment of the properties of rockfill and its applications is accompained by an analysis of flow through rockfill and the theory applied to the design of retaining and protective works. Dam design including underwater construction using rockfill or gabions is described. The design of gabion retaining walls and revetments is covered, as well as the use of gabions for river works including groynes and channel linings. An introduction to coastal engineering accompanies sections on the design of breakwaters, revetments and shore protection, and the reader is also introduced to the theory of transport of rock in channels and by pipeline.
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