This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee ISE/9/1. BS 4449:2005 +A2:2009 supersedes BS 4449:2005+A1:2007, which is withdrawn. This edition incorporates a full revision of the standard. The characteristic yield strength has been increased to 500 MPa, and a third ductility class has been added, compared to BS 4449:1997.
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Towards a Better Built Environment - Innovation, Sustainability,
Information Technology
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This guide is intended for the prediction of shrinkage and creep in compression in hardened concrete. It may be assumed that predictions apply to concrete under tension and shear. It outlines the problems and limitations in developing prediction equations for shrinkage and compressive creep of hardened concrete. It also presents and compares the prediction capabilities of four different numerical methods. The models presented are valid for hardened concrete moist cured for at least 1 day and loaded after curing or later. The models are intended for concretes with mean compressive cylindrical strengths at 28 days within a range of at least 20 to 70 MPa (3000 to 10,000 psi). This document is addressed to designers who wish to predict shrinkage and creep in concrete without testing. For structures that are sensitive to shrinkage and creep, the accuracy of an individual model’s predictions can be improved and their applicable range expanded if the model is calibrated with test data of the actual concrete to be used in the project.
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[Thesis] Experimental and numerical investigations of higher mode effects on seismic inelastic response of reinforced concrete shear walls
Author: Iman Ghorbanirenani | Size: 13 MB | Format:PDF | Year: December 2010 | pages: 254
Abstract
Past numerical simulations performed by previous researchers have shown that higher mode response can be significant for high-rise reinforced concrete shear walls used in building structures to resist lateral loads, when subjected to ground motions rich in high frequency that are expected in earthquakes occurring in Eastern North America. Higher mode response can lead to the development of plastic hinges in the upper portion of walls, in addition to the base plastic
hinge assumed in design according to current codes and design standards. Higher mode effects can also result in significant dynamic shear amplification at the base of walls, in excess of the shear resistance prescribed in current code documents. Experimental testing was needed on reinforced concrete walls under Eastern North America earthquake motions to validate these higher mode effects predicted by numerical simulations. This thesis presents two experimental programs together with companion numerical studies that were carried out on reinforced concrete shear walls: static tests and dynamic (shake table) tests.
The first series of experiments were monotonic and cyclic quasi-static testing on ductile reinforced concrete shear wall specimens designed and detailed according to the seismic provisions of NBCC 2005 and CSA-A23.3-04 standard. The tests were carried out on full-scale and 1:2.37 reduced scale wall specimens to evaluate the seismic design provisions and similitude law and determine the appropriate scaling factor that could be applied for further studies such as dynamic tests. Ductile flexural response was observed under cyclic loading up to a displacement ductility of 4.0. At this deformation level, inelastic shear deformations in the plastic hinge contributed to approximately 20% of the total lateral deformation. In the subsequent cycles, strength degradation took place due to shear sliding developing along the large flexural cracks at the wall base. Comparisons of the test results between prototype and reduced scale walls showed excellent agreement, which proved that using of scaling factor around 2.3 for the model wall could adequately predict the inelastic responses of prototype reinforced concrete shear walls
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Written by an eminent authority in the field, Modelling of Mechanical Systems: Fluid-Structure Interaction is the third in a series of four self-contained volumes suitable for practitioners, academics and students alike in engineering, physical sciences and applied mechanics. The series skilfully weaves a theoretical and pragmatic approach to modelling mechanical systems and to analysing the responses of these systems. The study of fluid-structure interactions in this third volume covers the coupled dynamics of solids and fluids, restricted to the case of oscillatory motions about a state of static equilibrium. Physical and mathematical aspects of modelling these mechanisms are described in depth and illustrated by numerous worked out exercises.
* Written by a world authority in the field in a clear, concise and accessible style
* Comprehensive coverage of mathematical techniques used to perform computer-based analytical studies and numerical simulations
* A key reference for mechanical engineers, researchers and graduate students.
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In general practice, for the crack control of reinforced concrete (RC) members, reinforcement corresponding to the internal forces that lead to single cracks must be provided. This approach is extended to the cases of restrained thermal loading and concrete shrinkage, which can be considered as peculiarities of imposed loading. Therefore, an analytical model for the case of direct tension is derived as an extension of the CEB-FIP Model Code 90 and Eurocode 2 approach, which distinguishes between crack development caused by thermal loading and shrinkage and the state of crack development with single cracks and the state of stabilized cracking. Basic examples are examined to illustrate the respective characteristic properties and mutual influence of imposed deformations, crack development, and stiffness. The model is validated based on a comparison with the experimental results.
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Evaluation of Plastic Rotation Demands for Earthquake Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Author: Tae-Sung Eom, Hong-Gun Park, and Sung-Gul Hong | Size: 2 MB | Format:PDF
To ensure the safety of reinforced concrete structures against
earthquakes, it is necessary to evaluate the safety of each member
against the plastic rotation demand. In this study, a simplified
method was developed to estimate the plastic rotation demand of
the members on the basis of the results of elastic analysis/design.
By using a story subframe model in regular multi-story moment
frames, the relationship between the story-drift demand and the
member plastic rotation demands was derived. In the proposed
method, the effects of various design parameters, including the
building configuration, member stiffness, redistributed moment,
and story-drift ratio, were considered. The proposed method was
applied to the seismic design of a moment frame and a dual system,
and the prediction results were compared to the results of nonlinear
analysis. In addition, the experimental verification to a small-scale
multi-story moment frame was also made.
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