This text presents a comprehensive mathematical theory for elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic differential equations. It compares finite element and finite difference methods and illustrates applications of generalized difference methods to elastic bodies, electromagnetic fields, underground water pollution, and coupled sound-heat flows.
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The aim of this book is to describe, in the first chapters, the different algorithms suitable for constructing a triangulation and, more precisely, a Delaunay triangulation. Then, the following chapters will indicate the way in which triangulation methods can be extended to develop meshing algorithms. Only Delaunay type methods are discussed here while observing that a large variety of meshing algorithms exists. To this end, the book is divided into three parts. The first part, devoted to triangulations, comprises the first four chapters. The second part dealing with meshing algorithms is made up of the five following chapters and the third part disdiscusses several applications in the four last chapters. A technical appendix and an index are also included in the book.
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The Mathematical Foundations of the Finite Element Method:
With Applications to Partial Differential Equations
Author: A.K. Aziz (Editor) | Size: 4.51 MB | Format:DjVu | Quality:Scanner | Publisher: Academic Press Inc | Year: March 1973 | pages: 809 | ISBN: 0120686503, ISBN-13: 978-0120686506
The Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of the Finite Flement Method with Applications to Partial Differential Equations was held June 26-30, 1972, at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County Campus.
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Finite Element Methods are used for numerous engineering applications where numerical solutions of partial differential equations are needed. As computers can now deal with the millions of parameters used in these methods, automatic error estimation and automatic adaptation of the utilised method (according to this error estimation), has become a hot research topic.
This text offers comprehensive coverage of this new field of automatic adaptation and error estimation, bringing together the work of eight outstanding researchers in this field who have completed a six year national research project within the German Science Foundation. The result is a state-of-the-art work in true reference style. Each chapter is self-contained and covers theoretical, algorithmic and software presentations as well as solved problems. A main feature consists of several carefully elaborated benchmarks of 2D- and 3D- applications.
* First book to go beyond the Finite Element Method in itself
* Covers material from a new research area
* Presents benchmarks of 2D- and 3D- applications
* Fits with the new trend for genetic strategies in engineering
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Part 1 of BS EN ISO 6520 serves as the basis for a precise classification and description of weld imperfections. In order to avoid any confusion, the types of imperfection are defined with explanations and illustrations where necessary. Metallurgical imperfections are not included.
Another system for the designation of imperfections is possible, according to DD CEN ISO/TS 17845. The correspondence between the existing classification of imperfections according to EN ISO 6520-1 and the designation system according to CEN ISO/TS 17845 is also included.
BS EN ISO 6520-1 gives the terms and definitions used in two of the three official ISO languages (English and French). It also gives the equivalent terms and definitions in the German language.
Contents of BS EN ISO 6520-1 include:
Foreword
Introduction
Scope
Terms and definitions
Classification and explanation of imperfections
Types of crack
Designation
Cracking phenomena
Correspondence between the existing classification of imperfections and the designation system according to ISO/TS 17845
Bibliography
Alphabetical index
BS EN ISO 6520:2007 replaces BS EN ISO 6520-1:1998, which has been withdrawn.
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BS EN ISO 6520-2:2002 collects and classifies the possible imperfections in welds made with pressure. A uniform designation is specified. Only the type, shape and dimensions of the different imperfections caused by welding with pressure are included.
Metallurgical deviations are not taken into account. Imperfections produced other than by the welding operation, for example additional stresses, loads or environmental factors are not covered by this standard. Information concerning the consequences of the mentioned imperfections and the use of particular structures is not given because this depends on the specific requirements of the joint.
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BS EN ISO 5817:2007 Welding. Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding excluded). Quality levels for imperfections
BS EN ISO 5817 provides quality levels of imperfections in fusion-welded joints (except for beam welding) in all types of steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys. It applies to material thickness above 0,5 mm. It covers fully penetrated butt welds and all fillet welds. The principles of this international standard may also be applied to partial-penetration butt welds.
Quality levels for beam welded joints in steel are presented in BS EN ISO 13919-1 .
Three quality levels are given in order to permit application to a wide range of welded fabrication. They are designated by symbols B, C and D. Quality level B corresponds to the highest requirement on the finished weld. The quality levels refer to production quality and not to the fitness-for-purpose of the product manufactured.
This international standard applies to:
Unalloyed and alloy steels
Nickel and nickel alloys
Titanium and titanium alloys
Manual, mechanized and automatic welding
All welding positions
All types of welds, e.g. butt welds, fillet welds and branch connections.
BS EN ISO 5817 is an international standard that should be used as a reference in the drafting of application codes and/or other application standards. It contains a simplified selection of fusion weld imperfections based on the designations given in BS EN ISO 6520-1.
BS EN ISO 5817 defines the dimensions of typical imperfections which might be expected in normal fabrication. It may be used within a quality system for the production of welded joints. It provides three sets of dimensional values from which a selection can be made for a particular application. The quality level necessary in each case should be defined by the application standard or the responsible designer in conjunction with the manufacturer, user and/or other parties concerned. The quality level shall be prescribed before the start of production, preferably at the enquiry or order stage. For special purposes, additional details may be prescribed.
The quality levels given in BS EN ISO 5817 provide basic reference data and are not specifically related to any particular application. They refer to types of welded joint in fabrication and not to the complete product or component itself. It is possible, therefore, that different quality levels are applied to individual welded joints in the same product or component.
It would normally be expected that for a particular welded joint the dimensional limits for imperfections could all be covered by specifying one quality level. In some cases, it may be necessary to specify different quality levels for different imperfections in the same welded joint.
The choice of quality level for any application should take account of design considerations, subsequent processing (e.g. surfacing), mode of stressing (e.g. static, dynamic), service conditions (e.g. temperature, environment) and consequences of failure. Economic factors are also important and should include not only the cost of welding but also of inspection, test and repair.
Although BS EN ISO 5817 includes types of imperfection relevant to the fusion welding processes listed in Clause 1, only those which are applicable to the process and application in question need to be considered.
Imperfections are quoted in terms of their actual dimensions, and their detection and evaluation may require the use of one or more methods of non-destructive testing. The detection and sizing of imperfections is dependent on the inspection methods and the extent of testing specified in the application standard or contract.
BS EN ISO 5817 is directly applicable to visual testing of welds and does not include details of recommended methods of detection or sizing by non-destructive means. It should be considered that there are difficulties in using these limits to establish appropriate criteria applicable to non-destructive testing methods such as ultrasonic, radiographic, eddy current, penetrate, magnetic particle testing and may need to be supplemented by requirements for inspection, examining and testing.
The values given for imperfections are for welds produced using normal welding practice. Requirements for smaller (more stringent) values may include additional manufacturing processes, e.g. grinding, TIG dressing.
The following welding processes and their defined sub-processes in accordance with BS EN ISO 4063:
Metal-arc welding without gas protection
Submerged-arc welding
Gas-shielded metal-arc welding
Gas-shielded welding with non-consumable electrodes
Plasma arc welding
Oxy-fuel gas welding (for steel only).
Metallurgical aspects, e.g. grain size, hardness, are not covered by BS EN ISO 5817.
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PD CEN ISO/TR 3834-6:2007 gives guidelines for the implementation of requirements given in the other parts of BS EN ISO 3834, and is intended to help manufacturers and users select the part of BS EN ISO 3834 appropriate to their needs. It is expected that they will already be familiar with BS EN ISO 3834 series as a whole.
Welding is a special process in that the final result may not be able to be verified by testing. The quality of the weld is manufactured into the product, not inspected. This means that welding normally requires continuous control or that specific procedures be followed, or both. BS EN ISO 3834 deals with quality requirements in welding and has been prepared in order to identify those controls and procedures.
BS EN ISO 3834 is not a quality system standard intended to take the place of ISO 9001, but a useful, additional tool for use when ISO 9001 is applied by manufacturers, in which case the meeting of its requirements needs to be recorded in certificates or documentation. However, BS EN ISO 3834 can be used independently of ISO 9001.
BS EN ISO 3834 is intended for the fusion welding of metallic materials, and its application is independent of the products manufactured. However, its principles and many of its detailed requirements are also relevant for other welding and welding-related processes.
Among other international standards covering resistance welding and thermal spraying are BS EN ISO 14554 and BS EN ISO 14922, respectively.
One of the aims of BS EN ISO 3834 is to define requirements in the field of welding so that contracting parties or regulators do not have to do it themselves. A reference to a particular part of BS EN ISO 3834 should be sufficient to demonstrate the capabilities of the manufacturer to control welding activities for the type of work being done. This concept also applies to committees responsible for drafting product standards.
BS EN ISO 3834 does not in itself require external assessment or certification. However, assessments by customers and certification by independent bodies are growing trends in commercial relations and the standard can serve as a basis for these purposes, as well as for the demonstration of performance by those manufacturers implementing it.
Contents include:
Normative references
Abbreviated terms
Using ISO 3834
Product standards
Purchasers and users
Quality management systems in accordance with ISO 9001
Quality management systems other than ISO 9001
Manufacturers
Incorporating ISO 3834 in product standards
Using other documents with ISO 3834
Documentation and quality systems
Selecting the level of quality requirements
Implementation in fabrication
General guidelines for implementation
Organization
Interpretation of particular clauses in ISO 3834
Requirements review and technical review
Sub-contracting
Welding coordination
Equipment
Welding activities
Storage of parent metal
Calibration and validation
Identification and traceability
Assessment and certification
Examples of documents for control of welding
Bibliography
PD CEN ISO/TR 3834-6:2007 replaces PD CR 13576:1999, which has been withdrawn
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BS 4515-1:2009 specifies requirements for the welding of carbon, carbon manganese and low alloy steel pipelines with specified minimum yield strengths not exceeding 555 N/mm2 (grade L555 as specified in ISO 3183:2007 and BS EN 10208-2:1997 and designed in accordance with PD 8010-1 and PD 8010-2.
BS 4515-1 applies to pipes of outside diameter 21.0 mm and larger having a thickness of 3.0 mm or greater and is applicable to transmission pipelines for gases, liquids or slurries, both on land and offshore.
Information on hyperbaric welding and on brazing and aluminothermic welding of anode bonding leads, and recommendations for the welding of corrosion resistant alloy clad and lined pipelines, are provided.
This is a full revision of the standard, and introduces the following principal changes:
removal of references to BS EN 288-9, which has been withdrawn. Where appropriate, requirements from BS EN 288-9 have been incorporated in this standard
revision of Clause 8 on testing, qualification and approval of welding procedures
revision of Annex A on hyperbaric welding.
BS 4515-1 specifies:
Normative references
Terms and definitions, and abbreviations
Information and requirements to be approved and documented
Equipment
Welding process
Welding consumables
Testing, qualification and approval of welding procedures
Testing, qualification and approval of welders
Production welding
Inspection and testing of welds
Acceptance and rectification of welds.
BS 4515-1:2009 supersedes BS 4515-1:2004, which is withdrawn.
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API RP 2350 - Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Facilities, Third Edition 2005
Author: American Petroleum Institute | Size: 293 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Year: 01-Jan-2005 | pages: 42
Covers overfill protection for all aboveground storage tanks in petroleum facilities, including refineries, terminals, bulk plants and pipeline terminals that receive Class I (flammable) or Class II (combustible) liquids. It is not intended to include service station tanks, process tanks or tanks used in initial crude oil production activities.
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API S 2015 - Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks, Planning and Managing Tank Entry From Decommissioning Through Recommissioning, Sixth Edition 2001
Author: American Petroleum Institute | Size: 516 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Year: 01-Aug-2001 | pages: 49
This standard provides safety practices for preparing, emptying, isolating,ventilating, atmospheric testing, cleaning,entry,hotwork and recommissioning activities in, on and around atmospheric and low-pressure (up to and including 15 psig) above ground storage tank that have contained flammable, combustible or toxic materials. This standard directs the user from decommissioning (removal from service) through recommissioning (return to service). This standard applies to stationary tanks used in all sectors of the petroleum and petrochemical plants, and terminals.
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