Earthquakes constitute a substantial form of excitation of structures in terms of their large potential to cause structural damage. Therefore, in earthquake-prone regions, the seismic resistance of structures is carefully studied during the design phase. In regions where seismicity is insigni cant,
the conventional design approach aims at the design of structural members in such a way that static (gravitational) and dynamic loads (such as wind load) are withstood elastically. However, if this design approach was to be followed in cases where seismic excitation had to be taken into account, this might lead to economically unacceptable design solutions. For example, the designmight result in very large and, hence, expensive structural members. For that reason, two alternativedesign concepts are often chosen [ECS, 2001].In the rst design concept, plastic deformation during excitation is allowed in special parts ofthe structure, often called plastic hinges, while the rest of the structure remains in its elasticrange. These plastic hinges are designed for high ductility, in order to ensure global stability of the structure [ECS, 2001]. Because the energy dissipation through plastic deformation is muchlarger than if the structure would remain elastic, the load-capacity of the structural members can
be signi cantly reduced, resulting in a more economical design.
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Controlling Buildings: A New Frontier in Feedback1
Author: B.F. Spencer, Jr. and Michael K. Sain | Size: 584 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Special Issue of the IEEE Control Systems Magazine on Emerging Technology | Year: Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 19–35, December 1997 | pages: 19
The protection of civil structures, including their material contents
and human occupants, is without doubt a world-wide priority
of the most serious current importance. Such protection
may range from reliable operation and comfort, on the one
hand, to survivability on the other. Examples of such structures
leap to one’s mind, and include buildings, offshore rigs, towers,
roads, bridges, and pipelines. In like manner, events which
cause the need for such protective measures are earthquakes,
winds, waves, traffic, lightning, and—today, regrettably—deliberate
acts. Indications are that control methods will be able to
make a genuine contribution to this problem area, which is of
great economic and social importance. In this paper, we review
the rapid recent developments which have been occurring in the
area of controlled civil structures, including full-scale implementations,
actuator types and characteristics, and trends toward
the incorporation of more modern algorithms and
technologies.
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A model for the non linear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete and masonry framed structures
Author: JOSÉ FERNANDO SIMA BRUM | Size: 3.5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA Deparment of Construction Engineering | pages: 186
The assessment of the dynamic or seismic performance of complex structures often requires the integration in the time domain of the
structural equation of motion in the frame of a non-linear analysis. In the case of masonry and reinforced concrete structures, the use
of these methods for the assessment of the structure become of great importance, due to its complex non linear behavior, even for low levels of
loading. A great number of these structures may be idealized as spatial frames. A generalization of the conventional matrix methods for the analysis of spatial framed structures has been developed in the UPC during
the last two decades, the so-called Generalized Matrix Formulation (GMF). The basic formulation for curved elements with variable cross
section was presented by Carrascón etal. (1987). Carol and Murcia (1989) extended this flexibility based formulation to the non linear time dependant analysis. This formulation was later extended to the geometrical and material non linear analysis of masonry framed structures (Molins, 1996; Molins and Roca,1998). An extension of the basic formulation to the linear dynamic analysis was later proposed by Molins et al. (1998) through the introduction of a consistent mass matrix. The
formulation has proved for more than fifteen years of extensive use, to be an efficient tool for the analysis of 3D framed structures.
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Author: Kim H Tan | Size: 36 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: CRC Press | Year: 1998 | pages: 390 | ISBN: 082470147X
Learn the secrets of soil chemistry and its role in agriculture and the environment. Examine the fundamental laws of soil chemistry, how they affect dissolution, cation and anion exchange, and other reactions. Explore how water can form water-bridges and hydrogen bonding, the most common forces in adsorption, chelation, and more. Discover how electrical charges develop in soils creating electrochemical potentials forcing ions to move into the plant body through barriers such as root membranes, nourishing crops and plants. You can do all this and more with Principles of Soil Chemistry, Third Edition.
Since the first edition published in 1982, this resource has made a name for itself as a textbook for upper level undergraduates and as a handy reference for professionals and scientists. This fourth edition reexamines the entire reach of soil chemistry while maintaining the clear, concise style that made previous editions so user-friendly. By completely revising, updating, and incorporating a decade’s worth of new information,
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Revit® building design software* is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM), empowering design and construction professionals to bring ideas from concept to construction with a coordinated and consistent model-based approach. Revit is a single application that includes features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering, and construction.
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Dynamic Finite-Element Analysis of Jointed Concrete Pavements
Author: Karim Chatti John Lysmer Carl Lo Monismith | Size: 954 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: The University of California Transportation Center University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 | Year: 1994 | pages: 15
A new dynamic finite-element computer program, DYNA-SLAB, for
the analysis of jointed concrete pavements subjected to moving transient
loads is presented. The dynamic solution is formulated in both
the time and the frequency domains. The structural model for the slab
system is the one used in the static computer program ILLI-SLAB.
’I1le foundation support is represented by either a damped Winkler
model with uniformly distributed frequency-dependent springs and
dashpots or a system of semi-infinite horizontal layers resting on a
15~gid base or a semi-infinite half-space. An important contribution
from the study is a new analytical method for determining the stiffness
and damping coefficients to be used in the Winlder foundation model.
’I]~e accuracy of DYNA-SLAB has been verified by comparing the
results produc~.~d by the program with those from theoretical closedfiarm
solutions and from a powerful dynamic soil-structure interaction
computer program called SASSI as well as with field data. The analytical
results indicate that dynamic analysis is generally not needed
f0r the design of rigid pavements and that it usually leads to decreased
p-’~vement response. Thus, it appears that a quasistatic analysis is sufficient
and that the results from this type of analysis will generally be
conservative, provided that the wheel loads used in the analysis have
been adjusted for the effects of vehicle velocity, truck suspension
characteristics., and pavement roughness
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EFFICIENT FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS CONFINED WITH FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS
Author: by Dan Hu Southwest Jiaotong University, China, | Size: 2.1 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Year: 2012 | pages: 126
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have found extensive applications in the field of Civil Engineering due to their advantageous properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio and high corrosion resistance. This study presents a simple and efficient frame finite element (FE) able to accurately estimate the load-carrying capacity and ductility of reinforced concrete (RC) circular columns confined with externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plates and/or sheets. The proposed FE considers distributed plasticity with fiber-discretization of the cross- sections in the context of a force-based (FB) formulation. The element is able to model collapse due to concrete crushing, reinforcement steel yielding, and FRP rupture.
The frame FE developed in this study is used to predict the load-carrying capacity of FRP- confined RC columns subjected to both concentric and eccentric axial loading. Numerical simulations and experimental results are compared based on experimental tests available in the literature and published by different authors. The numerically simulated responses agree well with the corresponding experiment results. The outstanding features of this FE include computational efficiency, accuracy and ease of use. Therefore, the proposed FE is suitable for efficient and accurate modeling and analysis of RC columns confined with externally retrofitted
FRP plates/sheets as for parametric studies requiring numerous FE analyses.
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FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (ELASTIC ANALYSIS)
Author: R. SRINIVASAN and *K. SATHIYA | Size: 787 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică „Gheorghe Asachi” din Iaşi Tomul LVI (LX), Fasc. 4, 2010 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ĂRHITECTURĂ | pages: 11
Abstract. Concrete structural components exist in buildings in different forms.
Understanding the response of these components during loading is crucial to the
development of an overall efficient and safe structure. Different methods have been
utilized to study the response of structural components. Experimental based testing has been widely used as a means to analyse individual elements and the effects of concrete strength under loading. While this is a method that produces real life response, it is extremely time consuming, and the use of materials can be quite costly. The use of finite element analysis to study these components has also been used.
The performed study investigation attempts to compare the results from elastic analysis of a reinforced beam under transverse loading, using an analysis software package to that obtained from a normal theoretical analysis.
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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS
Author: Christina Claeson | Size: 334 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Research Assistant, M.Sc. Division of Concrete Structures Chalmers University of Technology S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden | pages: 20
Finite element analyses of confined columns are presented.
Based on a confinement dependent uniaxial concrete model,
the importance of the yield strengths of the stirrups and the
longitudinal reinforcement bars, the spacing of the stirrups,
and the configuration of the cross-section, in combination
with different load eccentricities are evaluated. It was found
that the spacing of the stirrups and the reinforcement
configuration are of the greatest importance for the post-peak
behavior. To achieve ductile structural behavior of highstrength
concrete columns, a higher value of the volumetric
stirrup ratio is required. However, it was found that, even for
concretes currently accepted by the code, a higher ratio than
that corresponding to the required maximum spacing of 15f is
needed to obtain the same ductility as a concrete of grade
K40.
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Have you ever wondered how the ideas behind the world’s greatest architectural designs came about? What process does an architect go through to design buildings which become world-renowned for their excellence?
This book reveals the secrets behind these buildings. He asks you to ‘read’ the building and understand its starting point by analyzing its final form. Through the gradual revelations made by an understanding of the thinking behind the form, you learn a unique methodology which can be used every time you look at any building.
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