Tsunamis are primarily caused by earthquakes. Under favourable geological conditions, when a large earthquake occurs below the sea bed and the resultant rupture causes a vertical displacement of the ocean bed, the entire column of water above it is displaced, causing a tsunami. In the ocean, tsunamis do not reach great heights but can travel at velocities of up to 1000 km/hour. As a tsunami reaches shallow sea depths, there is a decrease in its velocity and an increase in its height. Tsunamis are known to have reached heights of several tens of meters and inundate several kilometers inland from the shore. Tsunamis can also be caused by displacement of substantial amounts of water by landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calving and rarely by meteorite impacts and nuclear tests in the ocean.
In this SpringerBrief, the causes of tsunamis, their intensity and magnitude scales, global distribution and a list of major tsunamis are provided. The three great tsunamis of 1755, 2004 and 2011 are presented in detail. The 1755 tsunami caused by the Lisbon earthquake, now estimated to range from Mw 8.5 to 9.0, was the most damaging tsunami ever in the Atlantic ocean. It claimed an estimated 100,000 human lives and caused wide-spread damage. The 2004 Sumatra Andaman Mw 9.1 earthquake and the resultant tsunami were the deadliest ever to hit the globe, claiming over 230,000 human lives and causing wide-spread financial losses in several south and south-east Asian countries. The 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and the resultant tsunami were a surprise to the seismologists in Japan and around the globe. The height of the tsunami far exceeded the estimated heights. It claimed about 20,000 human lives. The tsunami also caused nuclear accidents. This earthquake has given rise to a global debate on how to estimate the maximum size of an earthquake in a given region and the safety of nuclear power plants in coastal regions. This Brief also includes a description of key components of tsunami warning centers, progress in deploying tsunami watch and warning facilities globally, tsunami advisories and their communication, and the way forward.
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Analysis and modelling of the seismic behaviour of high ductility steel-concrete composite structures
Author: Fabio Ferrario | Size: 20.1 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Strutturale Facoltà di Ingegneria | Year: 2004 | pages: 263
In this thesis theoretical, experimental and numerical aspects and applications concerning the seismic behaviour of high ductility steel-concrete composite structure are analysed. The interest has been focused on the capability of framed structures to dissipate seismic energy by means of inelastic deformations. The basic design parameter in this approach is the ductility that should be considered as a conceptual framework in the Performance-Base Seismic Engineering (PBSE). PBSE has been developed encompassing the full range of seismic engineering issues to be referred to design of structures for predictable and controlled seismic performance within establishe evels of risk. The attention has been focalised on different solutions of steel and steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joints assuring the necessary ductility that can be obtained not only through careful study of building morphology, structural schemes and construction details, but also through the rational use of materials. Three specific and related topics have been analyzed and detailed analyses and experimental tests on substructures have been performed in order to ensure large inelastic deformations and the necessary energy dissipation under earthquake strong motion. The results aiming at qualifying the dissipative and rotational capacities of a particular typology of beam-to-column joints are then illustrated and discussed. The objective of this study is to provide designers with precise rules regarding constructional solutions suitable to each scheme and to the associated
design methodologies necessary for evaluating their performances.
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Seismic Intensity Estimation of Tall Buildings in Earthquake Early Warning System
Author: M. H. Cheng & T. H. Heaton Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, California Institute of Technology, USA R. W. Graves U.S. Geological Survey, USA | Size: 688 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Year: 2012 | pages: 10
In California, United States, an earthquake early warning system is currently being tested through the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN) (http://www.cisn.org/eew/CISN_page.html). The system aims to provide warnings in seconds to tens of seconds prior to the occurrence of ground shaking; since the system broadcasts the location and time of the earthquake, user software can estimate the arrival time and intensity of the expected S-wave. However, the shaking experienced by a user in a tall building will be significantly different from that on the ground and this shaking can change significantly from one building to another and also from one floor to another. This paper shows a robust and fast method to predict the characteristics of shaking that can be expected in tall buildings.
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Earthquakes constitute a substantial form of excitation of structures in terms of their large potential to cause structural damage. Therefore, in earthquake-prone regions, the seismic resistance of structures is carefully studied during the design phase. In regions where seismicity is insigni cant,
the conventional design approach aims at the design of structural members in such a way that static (gravitational) and dynamic loads (such as wind load) are withstood elastically. However, if this design approach was to be followed in cases where seismic excitation had to be taken into account, this might lead to economically unacceptable design solutions. For example, the designmight result in very large and, hence, expensive structural members. For that reason, two alternativedesign concepts are often chosen [ECS, 2001].In the rst design concept, plastic deformation during excitation is allowed in special parts ofthe structure, often called plastic hinges, while the rest of the structure remains in its elasticrange. These plastic hinges are designed for high ductility, in order to ensure global stability of the structure [ECS, 2001]. Because the energy dissipation through plastic deformation is muchlarger than if the structure would remain elastic, the load-capacity of the structural members can
be signi cantly reduced, resulting in a more economical design.
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Controlling Buildings: A New Frontier in Feedback1
Author: B.F. Spencer, Jr. and Michael K. Sain | Size: 584 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Special Issue of the IEEE Control Systems Magazine on Emerging Technology | Year: Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 19–35, December 1997 | pages: 19
The protection of civil structures, including their material contents
and human occupants, is without doubt a world-wide priority
of the most serious current importance. Such protection
may range from reliable operation and comfort, on the one
hand, to survivability on the other. Examples of such structures
leap to one’s mind, and include buildings, offshore rigs, towers,
roads, bridges, and pipelines. In like manner, events which
cause the need for such protective measures are earthquakes,
winds, waves, traffic, lightning, and—today, regrettably—deliberate
acts. Indications are that control methods will be able to
make a genuine contribution to this problem area, which is of
great economic and social importance. In this paper, we review
the rapid recent developments which have been occurring in the
area of controlled civil structures, including full-scale implementations,
actuator types and characteristics, and trends toward
the incorporation of more modern algorithms and
technologies.
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A model for the non linear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete and masonry framed structures
Author: JOSÉ FERNANDO SIMA BRUM | Size: 3.5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA Deparment of Construction Engineering | pages: 186
The assessment of the dynamic or seismic performance of complex structures often requires the integration in the time domain of the
structural equation of motion in the frame of a non-linear analysis. In the case of masonry and reinforced concrete structures, the use
of these methods for the assessment of the structure become of great importance, due to its complex non linear behavior, even for low levels of
loading. A great number of these structures may be idealized as spatial frames. A generalization of the conventional matrix methods for the analysis of spatial framed structures has been developed in the UPC during
the last two decades, the so-called Generalized Matrix Formulation (GMF). The basic formulation for curved elements with variable cross
section was presented by Carrascón etal. (1987). Carol and Murcia (1989) extended this flexibility based formulation to the non linear time dependant analysis. This formulation was later extended to the geometrical and material non linear analysis of masonry framed structures (Molins, 1996; Molins and Roca,1998). An extension of the basic formulation to the linear dynamic analysis was later proposed by Molins et al. (1998) through the introduction of a consistent mass matrix. The
formulation has proved for more than fifteen years of extensive use, to be an efficient tool for the analysis of 3D framed structures.
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Author: Kim H Tan | Size: 36 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: CRC Press | Year: 1998 | pages: 390 | ISBN: 082470147X
Learn the secrets of soil chemistry and its role in agriculture and the environment. Examine the fundamental laws of soil chemistry, how they affect dissolution, cation and anion exchange, and other reactions. Explore how water can form water-bridges and hydrogen bonding, the most common forces in adsorption, chelation, and more. Discover how electrical charges develop in soils creating electrochemical potentials forcing ions to move into the plant body through barriers such as root membranes, nourishing crops and plants. You can do all this and more with Principles of Soil Chemistry, Third Edition.
Since the first edition published in 1982, this resource has made a name for itself as a textbook for upper level undergraduates and as a handy reference for professionals and scientists. This fourth edition reexamines the entire reach of soil chemistry while maintaining the clear, concise style that made previous editions so user-friendly. By completely revising, updating, and incorporating a decade’s worth of new information,
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Revit® building design software* is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM), empowering design and construction professionals to bring ideas from concept to construction with a coordinated and consistent model-based approach. Revit is a single application that includes features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering, and construction.
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Dynamic Finite-Element Analysis of Jointed Concrete Pavements
Author: Karim Chatti John Lysmer Carl Lo Monismith | Size: 954 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: The University of California Transportation Center University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 | Year: 1994 | pages: 15
A new dynamic finite-element computer program, DYNA-SLAB, for
the analysis of jointed concrete pavements subjected to moving transient
loads is presented. The dynamic solution is formulated in both
the time and the frequency domains. The structural model for the slab
system is the one used in the static computer program ILLI-SLAB.
’I1le foundation support is represented by either a damped Winkler
model with uniformly distributed frequency-dependent springs and
dashpots or a system of semi-infinite horizontal layers resting on a
15~gid base or a semi-infinite half-space. An important contribution
from the study is a new analytical method for determining the stiffness
and damping coefficients to be used in the Winlder foundation model.
’I]~e accuracy of DYNA-SLAB has been verified by comparing the
results produc~.~d by the program with those from theoretical closedfiarm
solutions and from a powerful dynamic soil-structure interaction
computer program called SASSI as well as with field data. The analytical
results indicate that dynamic analysis is generally not needed
f0r the design of rigid pavements and that it usually leads to decreased
p-’~vement response. Thus, it appears that a quasistatic analysis is sufficient
and that the results from this type of analysis will generally be
conservative, provided that the wheel loads used in the analysis have
been adjusted for the effects of vehicle velocity, truck suspension
characteristics., and pavement roughness
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EFFICIENT FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS CONFINED WITH FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS
Author: by Dan Hu Southwest Jiaotong University, China, | Size: 2.1 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Year: 2012 | pages: 126
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have found extensive applications in the field of Civil Engineering due to their advantageous properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio and high corrosion resistance. This study presents a simple and efficient frame finite element (FE) able to accurately estimate the load-carrying capacity and ductility of reinforced concrete (RC) circular columns confined with externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plates and/or sheets. The proposed FE considers distributed plasticity with fiber-discretization of the cross- sections in the context of a force-based (FB) formulation. The element is able to model collapse due to concrete crushing, reinforcement steel yielding, and FRP rupture.
The frame FE developed in this study is used to predict the load-carrying capacity of FRP- confined RC columns subjected to both concentric and eccentric axial loading. Numerical simulations and experimental results are compared based on experimental tests available in the literature and published by different authors. The numerically simulated responses agree well with the corresponding experiment results. The outstanding features of this FE include computational efficiency, accuracy and ease of use. Therefore, the proposed FE is suitable for efficient and accurate modeling and analysis of RC columns confined with externally retrofitted
FRP plates/sheets as for parametric studies requiring numerous FE analyses.
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