In this fully updated guide, master plumber and long-time contractor R. Dodge Woodson explains, step by step, how to install, test, and debug in-floor heating systems--the healthy, quiet, economical, and clean heating method.
Radiant Floor Heating, Second Edition now offers details on alternative fuel sources and covers new material options and installation procedures, updated code information, and state-of-the-art piping and heating equipment. Revised illustrations featuring modern products are included in this practical resource. Get everything you need to:
1. Understand and explain the advantages of in-floor radiant heating
2. Select superior equipment--tubing, boilers, expansion tanks, pumps, and controls
3. Install embedded and dry radiant heat systems in new or existing homes
4. Incorporate hot water heating into your designs
5. Set up heating zones for variable temperatures throughout a house
6. Design a solar-powered system
7. Use alternative fuel sources
8. Provide outdoor ice removal and other amenities
9. Troubleshoot and repair system problems
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AutoCAD® Civil 3D® civil engineeering design software is a civil design and documentation solution that supports Building Information Modeling (BIM) workflows. Using AutoCAD Civil 3D, infrastructure professionals can better understand project performance, maintain more consistent data and processes, and respond faster to change.
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AutoCAD® Map 3D software provides access to GIS and mapping data to support planning, design, and data management. Intelligent models and CAD tools help you to apply regional and discipline-specific standards. Integration of GIS data with your organization helps to improve quality, productivity, and asset management.
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FIB 30: Acceptance of stay cable systems using prestressing steels
Size: 3 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2005 | Pages: 86 | ISBN: 9782883940703
This fib Recommendation gives technical guidelines regarding design, testing, acceptance, installation, qualification, inspection and maintenance of stay cable systems using prestressing steels (strands, wires or bars) as tensile elements, which can be applied internationally. This Recommendation is applicable for cable-stayed bridges and other suspended structures such as roofs. It may also be used for hangers in arch structures and as suspension cables, as appropriate.
This Recommendations has been formulated by an international working group comprising more than 20 experts from administrative authorities, universities, laboratories, owners, structural designers, suppliers of prestressing steels and stay cable suppliers. The text has been written to cover best construction practices around the world, and to provide material specifications that are considered to be the most advanced available at the time of preparing this text. For ease of use (for client, designer and cable supplier), the complex content has been arranged thematically according to the system components into chapters focusing on performance characteristics, requirements and acceptance criteria.
Requirements and comments have been specified for all parties involved in design and construction in order to aim for a uniform and high quality and durability. The interfaces to the structural designer are highlighted. The essential subjects are:
Design and detailing of stay cables including saddles and damping devices
Durability requirements and corrosion protection systems
Requirements for the materials
Testing requirements for the stay cables
Installation, tolerances, qualification of companies and personnel
Inspection, maintenance and repair.
This Recommendation does not cover the technology of stay cables whose tensile elements are ropes, locked-coil cables, etc. or which consist of composite materials. Nevertheless, in many cases the specified performance criteria may also be applicable to these systems, although numerical values given for the acceptance criteria may need to be adjusted. For these systems it has been difficult to provide multiple protective layers similar to those specified for stay cables made from prestressing steel and therefore, the quality of corrosion protection may not be equivalent. While extradosed cables have similarities with stay cables, generally agreed design and system acceptance criteria are not yet available and therefore, this type of cable is not covered.
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Size: 5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2004 | Pages: 81 | ISBN: 9782883940680
The construction industry, including the concrete industry, faces the transformation process from the traditional building process to the new approach, "sustainable construction". Environmental aspects represent a key role in this process. The principal importance of the environmental impact evaluation of concrete structures follows from the high amount of concrete structures built around the world every year.
The specific amount of harmful impacts embodied in concrete unit is, in comparison with other building materials, relatively small. However, due to the high production of concrete, the final negative environmental impact of concrete structures is significant. Any improvement of concrete design principles, methodologies of assessment, construction and demolition technologies, and management of operation and use of concrete structures thus provides a very significant contribution to the general goal: the achievement of a development process in the sustainable way.
The objective of this state-of-art report is provide the framework of so-called environmental design, to document "Best Available Technology" (BAT) for concrete structures from an environmental point of view and to summarize methodologies for environmental impact evaluation and optimization of concrete structures. Although the authors of the report were from Europe and Japan, it was attempted to collect information as widely as possible.
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Both architectural students and civil engineering students need an intrinsic grasp of structures, but existing texts on structural theory are too mathematical for architectural students and many civil engineering students would benefit from an introduction to basic principles.
This book provides a highly visual approach to explain structural concepts to these two audiences.
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FIB 27: Seismic design of precast concrete building structures
Size: 14 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2003 | Pages: 263 | ISBN: 9782883940673
The aim of this state-of-art report is to present current practices for use of precast and prestressed concrete in countries in seismic regions, to recommend good practice, and to discuss current developments. The report has been drafted by 30 contributors from nine different countries.
This state-of-art report covers: state of the practice in various countries; advantages and disadvantages of incorporating precast reinforced and prestressed concrete in construction; lessons learned from previous earthquakes; construction concepts; design approaches; primary lateral load resisting systems (precast and prestressed concrete frame systems and structural walls including dual systems) diaphragms of precast and prestressed concrete floor units; modelling and analytical methods; gravity load resisting systems; foundations; and miscellaneous elements (shells, folded plates, stairs and architectural cladding panels). Design equations are reported where necessary, but the emphasis is on principles. Ordinary cast-in-place reinforced concrete is not considered in this report.
This fib state-of-the-art report is intended to assist designers and constructors to provide safe and economical applications of structural precast concrete and at the same time to allow innovation in design and construction to continue.
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FIB 26: Influence of material and processing on stress corrosion cracking of prestressing steel - case studies
Size: 5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2003 | Pages: 50 | ISBN: 9782883940666
This report is a review of selected failures in concrete structures in which prestressing steels break in a brittle way due to stress corrosion cracking. Most cases are from the German experience over a period of about 30 years. Analysis of these failures shows that they are often due to an accumulation of causes such as poor design, errors during construction, careless detailing and, in some cases, use of unsuitable materials. This report will have achieved its purpose if it serves to avoid these past errors and encourages the development of new ways to protect, test and regulate prestressing steels. The report is complemented with comments on the properties and corrosion behaviour of different types of prestressing steels.
The goal of the study is to provide objective arguments for the discussion of failures that have occurred due to corrosion induced failure of prestressing steel. In such a way the general regulation given in DIN with respect to reinforcement for robustness may eventually be proven inappropriate. The general building authority approval for prestressed hollow filler block floors already supports such an idea. It is well known that the hollow block floor industry works without any reinforcing steel. The regulations in the standards should not limit in particular the use of these types of prestressing steel (cold-formed wires, strands) which have proven not associated with any substantial failures cases reported in the last 35 years.
The report reviews the historical development with respect to corrosion induced failure of prestressing steel. Concerning the circumstances of the failure examples, this review partly reflects a specific problem in Germany. Also reviewed are other known interregional examples of failure which are incorrectly attributed to the prestressed construction method. All cases considered are discussed and the failure reasons thoroughly evaluated, also with reference to the results of most recent research.
Another question addressed is whether one should be concerned over corrosion induced retarded failure even when using new generation prestressing steel with correct corrosion protection.
Finally a contribution to the following very important question is presented: Do the future prestressed structures possess enough safety against structural failure if they are constructed without reinforcement for robustness but otherwise comply completely with the design standards?
To aid a better understanding of this short report on typical failure cases and their origins, the main conditions are set out for corrosion-induced failure of prestressing steel in technical applications. The properties of different types of prestressing steel and their application limits are given in a special section dealing with the influence of building materials on damage development.
This report will be of interest to all involved in the construction process. Fundamental scientific discussion has been avoided by reference to well accredited detailed information in the technical literature.
This Bulletin N° 26 was approved as an fib Technical Report in April 2003 by fib Task Group 9.5, Durability of prestressing materials, in Commission 9, Reinforcing and prestressing materials and systems.
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FIB 25: Displacement-based seismic design of reinforced concrete buildings
Size: 29 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2003 | Pages: 197 | ISBN: 9782883940659
A brief summary of the history of seismic design as given in chapter 1, indicates that initially design was purely based on strength or force considerations. When the importance of displacement, however, became better appreciated, it was attempted to modify the existing force-based approach in order to include considerations of displacement, rather than to totally reconsider the procedure on a more rational basis.
In the last decade, then, several researchers started pointing out this inconsistency, proposing displacement-based approaches for earthquake engineering evaluation and design, with the aim of providing improved reliability in the engineering process by more directly relating computed response and expected structural performance.
The main objective of this report is to summarize, critically review and compare the displacement - based approaches proposed in the literature, thus favouring code implementation and practical use of rational and reliable methods.
Chapter 2 Seismic performance and design objectives of this report introduces concepts of performance levels, seismic hazard representation, and the coupling of performance and hazard to define performance objectives. In fact, for displacement analysis to be relevant in the context of performance-based design, the structural engineer must select appropriate performance levels and seismic loadings. A critical review of some engineering limit states appropriate to the different performance levels is therefore proposed.
In chapter 3 Conceptual basis for displacement-based earthquake resistant design, the fundamental principles associated with displacement of the ground during an earthquake and the effects, in terms of displacement, in the structure, are reviewed. The historical development guides the presentation with a review of general linear and nonlinear structural dynamics principles, general approaches to estimate displacement, for both ground and structure, and finally a general presentation of the means to measure and judge the appropriateness of the displacements of the structure in section.
Chapter 4 Approaches and procedures for displacement-based design can be somehow considered the fundamental part of the report, since a critical summary of the displacement - based approaches proposed by different researchers is presented there.
Displacement - based design may require specific characterization of the input ground motion, a topic addressed in Chapter 5 Seismic input. In general, various pertinent definitions of input motion for non-code format analysis are included, while peak ground parameters necessary for code base shear equations are only addressed as needed for the definition of motion for analysis.
Chapter 6 Displacement capacity of members and systems addresses the fundamental problem of evaluating the inelastic displacement capacity of reinforced concrete members and realistic values of their effective cracked stiffness at yielding, including effects of shear and inclined cracking, anchorage slip, bar buckling and of load cycling.
In Chapter 7 Application and evaluation of displacement-based approaches, some of the many different displacement based design procedures briefly introduced in Chapter 4 are applied to various case studies, identifying and discussing the difficulties a designer may encounter when trying to use displacement based design. Results for five different case studies designed in accordance with eight different displacement based design methods are presented.
Although in general case studies are considered a useful but marginal part of a state of the art document, in this case it has to be noted that chapter 7 is possibly the most innovative and fundamental part of the whole report. The conclusions of chapter 7 are the fundamental and essential conclusions of the document and allow foreseeing a bright future for displacement - based design approaches.
The state-of-art report has been elaborated over a period of 4 years by Task Group 7.2 Displacement-based design and assessment of fib Commission 7 Seismic design, a truly international team of experts, representing the expertise and experience of all the important seismic regions of the world. In October 2002 the final draft of the Bulletin was presented to the public during the 1st fib Congress in Osaka. It was also there that it was approved by fib Commission 7 Seismic Design.
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