Size: 3 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2003 | Pages: 55 | ISBN: 9782883940611
With the world's population growing at an exponential rate, extreme attention has to be paid on how environment and resources are treated. For the building industry the result will be:
New laws having direct consequences for the choice of materials and building techniques
Sets of standards dealing with environmental matters
Customers will prefer products that can document sound environmental "behaviour"
Based on this background it was in fib Commission 3, Environmental Aspects of Design and Construction, that a task group was created in order to draft. a state of the art report that would make a sort of inventory of all environmental issues in prefabrication, identify areas for improvement and collecting available documentation expected to be required for the activities in the future.
The work aimed at documenting existing environmental properties of precast structures, identifying future possibilities, and to collecting data required for life cycle assessment of precast structures. In the pursuit of this aim the following issues have been investigated: Demountable structures, re-use of components, systems for utilizing the thermal mass of concrete, production, recirculation in the production process, transport, erection, supplementary materials and the environment in the plants.
During the process of preparing the document it became evident that the environmental issue does not have the worldwide attention that was expected. Although a lot is written about environmental matters all over the world, much of it is philosophical considerations with very little facts. Many countries in Europe as well as Japan have done a lot of excellent scientific work, but it seems that the implementation on the practical level varies considerably. Thus it became difficult to collect data from all over the world, and as a result the examples presented are dominated by results from the Nordic countries, which - together with the Netherlands - seem to be most advanced on the practical level.
It also became evident that there are large differences in the systems used for data collection. Tables etc. containing "facts" are not always comparable - the assumptions may be different. Wherever possible this has been pointed out in the text.
List of contents:
Introduction - 1 Scope - 2 Production - 3 Transport and erection - 4 The structure - 5 References - Annexes dealing with: Life cycle analysis - Environmental product declarations - How to utilize the thermal mass - Example of comparison of structural systems
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FIB 20: Grouting of tendons in prestressed concrete
Size: 3 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2002 | Pages: 53 | ISBN: 9782883940604
Prestressed Concrete is a very efficient form of construction; it takes advantage of the strength of concrete in compression. Developed mainly over the second part of the 20th century, it has proven to be reliable and durable. However, in the 1990's some cause for concern was discovered, first in the UK and followed by many other countries of the world. It appeared that the grout, an important means of protection of the steel against corrosion for internally ducted tendons, was in some cases inadequate.
Major investigations followed including physical intrusive examination of ducts, mainly in bridges, and re-writing of procedures, processes and specifications, and in 1998 FIP launched a Task Group to review their advice note "Guidelines for Grouting" which had first been published in 1990. The merger of FIP and CEB in 1998 brought this under the auspices of fib. Structural deficiencies have only been found in a small number of bridges and in most of these cases the cause is clearly identifiable as either design detailing, workmanship or materials.
In the UK, the Concrete Society report TR47 "Durable Post-tensioned Concrete Bridges" had been published in 1996, which was the culmination of four years of investigative research, and contained major new specifications and procedures aimed at improving the quality of grouting.
In the USA, the Post Tensioning Institute published in 2001 their guide "Specification for Grouting of Post-Tensioned Structures", which also represented major steps forward in materials and testing requirements. The American Segmental Bridge Institute has set up a Committee to re-examine their guidelines, as have many other National Bodies worldwide.
In Europe, France has issued a "Fascicule No. 65A" covering requirements for grouting and there are many developments in hand in other countries.
Also in Europe, a European Technical Approval Guideline (ETAG) has been published for approval of post-tensioning systems which covers several aspects of grout and grouting.
In November 2001 an international workshop was held in Ghent, Belgium on "Durability of Post-Tensioning Tendons" [see fib Bulletin 15] at which international experience was exchanged. The theme was clearly apparent; those bridge owners that have looked, have found some problems with a few of their post-tensioned bridges. In most cases steps are being taken to repair existing bridges, where considered necessary, and to improve future construction by reviewing national specifications.
Emphasis is being put on a multi-layer protection strategy whereby protection against corrosion is provided by waterproofing, dense impermeable concrete, sealed ducts and good quality grout. Design detailing and rain water management are seen as important aspects.
It was, therefore, timely for fib to publish state-of-the-art guidelines to assist in developing and improving the quality of a major line of defence against corrosion, the cement grout. This document represents a consensus view of current practitioners of what is a rapidly developing awareness of some of the shortcomings of previous practice and suggests improvements. This document is a major update of the previous FIP Guidelines and may be taken as a future basis for updating EN 445-447.
New areas include understanding of the deleterious effects of an unstable grout, bleeding and how to avoid it, the importance of training and proper procedures, mix design and testing/trials and some new test procedures. It is now understood and generally accepted that the properties of common grout made from cement and water can be very variable and sometimes unpredictable and such grout is not recommended.
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Size: 14 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2002 | Pages: 67 | ISBN: 9782883940598
The purpose of this publication is to show how precast concrete may be mixed in combination with other structural materials to maximise overall building performance. The other materials are:
cast insitu concrete, reinforced and post-tensioned,
structural steelwork,
timber and glue-laminated timber,
masonry in brickwork and blockwork,
glass and glazing.
The aim is to provide a companion volume to composite Floor Structures [FIP, 1998] and to show some of the many other ways that precast concrete can be used to advantage with other materials. The term mixed precast construction is used to describe these other combinations.
The intention is not to discuss design calculations - that is for a future 'fib Guide to good practice'. Instead, the bulletin is meant as a 'State-of-art' publication showing photographs, sketches and details of precast concrete with other materials. There are no design equations, although some technical information on how to combine the materials, e.g. bearings, connections, tolerances, thermal and shrinkage effects, etc., is included if appropriate.
Thus, the document focuses on the use of mixed construction in multistorey buildings, offices, housing, grandstands, parking garages, and industrial warehouses, etc. i. e. on precast concrete as the main construction material and looks at the manner in which other materials can be integrated.
Chapter by chapter the strengths and weakness of each material studied are assessed as part of the total building design. In some cases it is obvious that the load carrying performance of one material outweighs another. In other cases aspects such as thermal, fire, vibration, fatigue, creep, acoustic, seismic and visual characteristics, and the geographical local availability of that material, may be critical. A world-wide survey, presented in Table 1.1, found that precast concrete is a universal building material, but mixed construction is limited mostly to developed countries where structural steelwork and types of timber, such as glue-laminated timber, is readily available. In addition there may be design, detailing, production, transportation, erection and maintenance limitations, which do or do not favor mixed construction.
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Size: 2 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2002 | Pages: 35 | ISBN: 9782883940581
The report confirms that removal, re-use wholly or in part, and complete demolition and recycling of CGS (Concrete Gravity Structures) are technically feasible.
Governmental policy is consistently moving towards rewarding those industries that contribute to environmentally friendly management. Recycled material is an environmentally friendly alternative that incurs reduced consumption of virgin material and less waste disposal. There is no reason to believe that offshore concrete should be less suitable for recycling than other concrete.
For some platforms the most suitable vessel for carrying the topside ashore may prove to be the CGS itself, as it has to be removed from its position anyhow. A successful removal, however, requires a well planned and controlled operation, necessitating a profound knowledge and understanding of the structure, both in its technical and operational aspects. An important instrument to acquire such knowledge are the records kept during the platform's history describing the main parameters and events.
The report treats the aspects of re-use, removal, demolition methods and recycling of materials and refers to all known international and national regulations in this field, adding a comprehensive list of references and usable internet links.
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Author: William J. Terrell | Size: 4 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Princeton University Press | Year: 2009 | pages: 480 | ISBN: 0691134448, 9780691134444
Stability and Stabilization is the first intermediate-level textbook that covers stability and stabilization of equilibria for both linear and nonlinear time-invariant systems of ordinary differential equations. Designed for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in the sciences, engineering, and mathematics, the book takes a unique modern approach that bridges the gap between linear and nonlinear systems.
Presenting stability and stabilization of equilibria as a core problem of mathematical control theory, the book emphasizes the subject's mathematical coherence and unity, and it introduces and develops many of the core concepts of systems and control theory. There are five chapters on linear systems and nine chapters on nonlinear systems; an introductory chapter; a mathematical background chapter; a short final chapter on further reading; and appendixes on basic analysis, ordinary differential equations, manifolds and the Frobenius theorem, and comparison functions and their use in differential equations. The introduction to linear system theory presents the full framework of basic state-space theory, providing just enough detail to prepare students for the material on nonlinear systems.
Focuses on stability and feedback stabilization
Bridges the gap between linear and nonlinear systems for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students
Balances coverage of linear and nonlinear systems
Covers cascade systems
Includes many examples and exercises
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FIB 17: Management, maintenance and strengthening of concrete structures
Size: 2 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2002 | Pages: 174 | ISBN: 9782883940574
The purpose of this report is twofold. Firstly, to give an overview of the issues relating to the management of concrete structures in general and, secondly, to supplement this with details on items concerned with assessment and remedial actions, as these are important technical parts of management and maintenance systems. The more general aspects of asset management are dealt with here in chapter 1 which is mainly aimed at owners and decisionmakers. Chapters 2 and 3 concern the information required for decision making in the assessment process and are aimed more at consultants and contractors. A review of remediation techniques is given in chapter 3 which is intended to assist in the selection of remedial actions rather than their execution. The report also includes some significant appendices regarding load testing, monitoring, fire and last but not least concerning special considerations relating to seismic retrofitting.
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FIB 16: Design examples for the 1996 FIP recommendations Practical design of structural concrete
Size: 8 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2002 | Pages: 193 | ISBN: 9782883940567
The 1996 FIP Recommendations Practical Design of Structural Concrete were finally published by SETO in September 1999. They had been developed based on the 1990 CEB-FIP Model Code.
The main objective of this Bulletin is now to demonstrate by practical examples the application of these recommendations, and especially to illustrate the use of strut-and-tie models for designing discontinuity regions in concrete structures. These examples represent also a continuation of the 1990 FIP Handbook on Practical Design that had been based on the former (1984) version of the recommendations. Most of the examples are recently built existing structures. Although some of them may be considered as quite important, the chosen examples are by no means exceptional.
The technical report does not deal with the discussion of aesthetic or general conceptual aspects. On the contrary, the main aim is to treat particular design aspects by selecting local regions of the chosen structures, that are then designed and detailed following the design principles and specifications proposed in the 1996 FIP Recommendations mentioned above.
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Size: 17 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2001 | Pages: 279 | ISBN: 9782883940550
The 1996 FIP Recommendations Practical Design of Structural Concrete were finally published by SETO in September 1999. They had been developed based on the 1990 CEB-FIP Model Code.
The main objective of this Bulletin is now to demonstrate by practical examples the application of these recommendations, and especially to illustrate the use of strut-and-tie models for designing discontinuity regions in concrete structures. These examples represent also a continuation of the 1990 FIP Handbook on Practical Design that had been based on the former (1984) version of the recommendations. Most of the examples are recently built existing structures. Although some of them may be considered as quite important, the chosen examples are by no means exceptional.
The technical report does not deal with the discussion of aesthetic or general conceptual aspects. On the contrary, the main aim is to treat particular design aspects by selecting local regions of the chosen structures, that are then designed and detailed following the design principles and specifications proposed in the 1996 FIP Recommendations mentioned above.
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