FIB 24: Seismic assessment and retrofit of reinforced concrete buildings
Size: 37 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2003 | Pages: 312 | ISBN: 9782883940642
In most parts of the developed world, the building stock and the civil infrastructure are ageing and in constant need of maintenance, repair and upgrading. Moreover, in the light of our current knowledge and of modern codes, the majority of buildings stock and other types of structures in many parts of the world are substandard and deficient. This is especially so in earthquake-prone regions, as, even there, seismic design of structures is relatively recent. In those regions the major part of the seismic threat to human life and property comes from old buildings.
Due to the infrastructure's increasing decay, frequently combined with the need for structural upgrading to meet more stringent design requirements (especially against seismic loads), structural retrofitting is becoming more and more important and receives today considerable emphasis throughout the world. In response to this need, a major part of the fib Model Code 2005, currently under development, is being devoted to structural conservation and maintenance. More importantly, in recognition of the importance of the seismic threat arising from existing substandard buildings, the first standards for structural upgrading to be promoted by the international engineering community and by regulatory authorities alike are for seismic rehabilitation of buildings. This is the case, for example, of Part 3: Strengthening and Repair of Buildings of Eurocode 8 (i. e. of the draft European Standard for earthquake-resistant design), and which is the only one among the current (2003) set of 58 Eurocodes attempting to address the problem of structural upgrading. It is also the case of the recent (2001) ASCE draft standard on Seismic evaluation of existing buildings and of the 1996 Law for promotion of seismic strengthening of existing reinforced concrete structures in Japan.
As noted in Chapter 1 of this Bulletin, fib - as CEB and FIP did before - has placed considerable emphasis on assessment and rehabilitation of existing structures. The present Bulletin is a culmination of this effort in the special but very important field of seismic assessment and rehabilitation. It has been elaborated over a period of 4 years by Task Group 7.1 Assessment and retrofit of existing structures of fib Commission 7 Seismic design, a truly international team of experts, representing the expertise and experience of all the important seismic regions of the world. In the course of its work the team had six plenary two-day meetings: in January 1999 in Pavia, Italy; in August 1999 in Raleigh, North Carolina; in February 2000 in Queenstown, New Zealand; in July 2000 in Patras, Greece; in March 2001 in Lausanne, Switzerland; and in August 2001 in Seattle, Washington. In October 2002 the final draft of the Bulletin was presented to public during the 1st fib Congress in Osaka. It was also there that it was approved by fib Commission 7 Seismic Design.
The contents is structured into main chapters as follows:
1 Introduction - 2 Performance objectives and system considerations - 3 Review of seismic assessment procedures - 4 Strength and deformation capacity of non-seismically detailed components - 5 Seismic retrofitting techniques - 6 Probabilistic concepts and methods - 7 Case studies
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Size: 6 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2003 | Pages: 69 | ISBN: 9782883940635
The report has been elaborated by Task Group 3.4 Environmental effects of concrete of fib Commission 3 Environmental aspects of design and construction. It intends to serve as a source of information on the generally accepted and proven state of knowledge about environment related aspects of concrete as a structural material. It is written for engineers as a state-of-art-report and represents a comprehensive summary of the relevant literature and knowledge known by and available to the members of the Task Group. For this reason it is to a certain degree influenced by the approaches and generally accepted views in the countries where the members of the Task Group came from.
Discussions related to risks arising from the release of substances, radiation or noise into the environment, and appropriate limit values to avoid problems or implications on sustainability, are in general very controversial, and, in different parts of the world, developed to a different degree. Similarly the approaches and regulatory measures to ensure the general requirements of sustainable construction are still under development and may be extremely different in various countries. For these reasons no assessment and judgement systems related to environmental risks will be proposed, nor will limit values be given. The report is established on a factual basis and may help to avoid controversial discussions and emotional judgements, and may serve as a basis to derive accepted requirements. The length of the various chapters does not correspond to the importance or the risks related to the treated aspects. It simply depends on the information and amount of data available to the Task Group.
List of contents - main chapters:
1 Introduction - 2 Environmental effects of concrete: 2.1 Skin reactions caused by fresh concrete - 2.2 Noise and vibration - 2.3 Leaching of substances out of concrete in contact with water and soil - 2.4 Gaseous emissions from concrete and cement based mortar - 2.5 Radiation - 2.6 Dust emissions - 2.7 Heat storage and thermal comfort - 2.8 The influence of concrete on statically electric and magnetic fields - 3 Conclusion - 4 Annex: Definitions
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FIB 22: Monitoring and safety evaluation of existing concrete structures
Size: 26 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2003 | Pages: 304 | ISBN: 9782883940628
The condition assessment of aged structures is becoming a more and more important issue for civil infrastructure management systems. The continued use of existing systems is, due to environmental, economical and socio-political assets, of great significance and is growing larger every year. Thus the extent of necessary repair of damaged reinforced concrete structures is of major concern in most countries today. Monitoring techniques may have a decisive input to limit expenditures for maintenance and repair of existing structures.
Modern test and measurement methods as well as computational mechanics open the door for a wide variety of monitoring applications. The need for quantitative and qualitative knowledge has led to the development and improvement of surveillance techniques, which have already found successful application in other disciplines such as medicine, physics and chemistry. The design of experimental test and measurement systems is inherently an interdisciplinary activity. The specification of the instrumentation to measure the structural response will involve the skills of civil, electrical and computer engineers.
The main aim of fib Commission 5, Structural servicer life aspects, is to provide a rational procedure to obtain an optimal technical-economic performance of concrete structures in service and to ensure a feedback of experience gained to design, execution, maintenance and rehabilitation. Against this background fib Task Group 5.1 Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures had been established to evaluate the existing practice worldwide.
The objective of this state-of-art report is to summarize the most important inspection and measuring methods, to describe the working process and to evaluate the applicability to structural monitoring. Particular emphasis is placed upon non-destructive systems, lifetime monitoring, data evaluation and safety aspects.
Main chapters of the report are:
1 Introduction to monitoring concepts and safety evaluation of existing concrete structures - 2 Structures and materials - 3 Visual inspection and convention al in-situ material testing - 4 Non destructive evaluation (NDE) - 5 Measurement methods - 6 Implementation issues and data acquisition - 7 Evaluation and statistical interpretation of data - 8 System analysis - 9 Concluding remarks - Annex: 11 Case studies
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Size: 3 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2003 | Pages: 55 | ISBN: 9782883940611
With the world's population growing at an exponential rate, extreme attention has to be paid on how environment and resources are treated. For the building industry the result will be:
New laws having direct consequences for the choice of materials and building techniques
Sets of standards dealing with environmental matters
Customers will prefer products that can document sound environmental "behaviour"
Based on this background it was in fib Commission 3, Environmental Aspects of Design and Construction, that a task group was created in order to draft. a state of the art report that would make a sort of inventory of all environmental issues in prefabrication, identify areas for improvement and collecting available documentation expected to be required for the activities in the future.
The work aimed at documenting existing environmental properties of precast structures, identifying future possibilities, and to collecting data required for life cycle assessment of precast structures. In the pursuit of this aim the following issues have been investigated: Demountable structures, re-use of components, systems for utilizing the thermal mass of concrete, production, recirculation in the production process, transport, erection, supplementary materials and the environment in the plants.
During the process of preparing the document it became evident that the environmental issue does not have the worldwide attention that was expected. Although a lot is written about environmental matters all over the world, much of it is philosophical considerations with very little facts. Many countries in Europe as well as Japan have done a lot of excellent scientific work, but it seems that the implementation on the practical level varies considerably. Thus it became difficult to collect data from all over the world, and as a result the examples presented are dominated by results from the Nordic countries, which - together with the Netherlands - seem to be most advanced on the practical level.
It also became evident that there are large differences in the systems used for data collection. Tables etc. containing "facts" are not always comparable - the assumptions may be different. Wherever possible this has been pointed out in the text.
List of contents:
Introduction - 1 Scope - 2 Production - 3 Transport and erection - 4 The structure - 5 References - Annexes dealing with: Life cycle analysis - Environmental product declarations - How to utilize the thermal mass - Example of comparison of structural systems
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FIB 20: Grouting of tendons in prestressed concrete
Size: 3 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2002 | Pages: 53 | ISBN: 9782883940604
Prestressed Concrete is a very efficient form of construction; it takes advantage of the strength of concrete in compression. Developed mainly over the second part of the 20th century, it has proven to be reliable and durable. However, in the 1990's some cause for concern was discovered, first in the UK and followed by many other countries of the world. It appeared that the grout, an important means of protection of the steel against corrosion for internally ducted tendons, was in some cases inadequate.
Major investigations followed including physical intrusive examination of ducts, mainly in bridges, and re-writing of procedures, processes and specifications, and in 1998 FIP launched a Task Group to review their advice note "Guidelines for Grouting" which had first been published in 1990. The merger of FIP and CEB in 1998 brought this under the auspices of fib. Structural deficiencies have only been found in a small number of bridges and in most of these cases the cause is clearly identifiable as either design detailing, workmanship or materials.
In the UK, the Concrete Society report TR47 "Durable Post-tensioned Concrete Bridges" had been published in 1996, which was the culmination of four years of investigative research, and contained major new specifications and procedures aimed at improving the quality of grouting.
In the USA, the Post Tensioning Institute published in 2001 their guide "Specification for Grouting of Post-Tensioned Structures", which also represented major steps forward in materials and testing requirements. The American Segmental Bridge Institute has set up a Committee to re-examine their guidelines, as have many other National Bodies worldwide.
In Europe, France has issued a "Fascicule No. 65A" covering requirements for grouting and there are many developments in hand in other countries.
Also in Europe, a European Technical Approval Guideline (ETAG) has been published for approval of post-tensioning systems which covers several aspects of grout and grouting.
In November 2001 an international workshop was held in Ghent, Belgium on "Durability of Post-Tensioning Tendons" [see fib Bulletin 15] at which international experience was exchanged. The theme was clearly apparent; those bridge owners that have looked, have found some problems with a few of their post-tensioned bridges. In most cases steps are being taken to repair existing bridges, where considered necessary, and to improve future construction by reviewing national specifications.
Emphasis is being put on a multi-layer protection strategy whereby protection against corrosion is provided by waterproofing, dense impermeable concrete, sealed ducts and good quality grout. Design detailing and rain water management are seen as important aspects.
It was, therefore, timely for fib to publish state-of-the-art guidelines to assist in developing and improving the quality of a major line of defence against corrosion, the cement grout. This document represents a consensus view of current practitioners of what is a rapidly developing awareness of some of the shortcomings of previous practice and suggests improvements. This document is a major update of the previous FIP Guidelines and may be taken as a future basis for updating EN 445-447.
New areas include understanding of the deleterious effects of an unstable grout, bleeding and how to avoid it, the importance of training and proper procedures, mix design and testing/trials and some new test procedures. It is now understood and generally accepted that the properties of common grout made from cement and water can be very variable and sometimes unpredictable and such grout is not recommended.
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Size: 14 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2002 | Pages: 67 | ISBN: 9782883940598
The purpose of this publication is to show how precast concrete may be mixed in combination with other structural materials to maximise overall building performance. The other materials are:
cast insitu concrete, reinforced and post-tensioned,
structural steelwork,
timber and glue-laminated timber,
masonry in brickwork and blockwork,
glass and glazing.
The aim is to provide a companion volume to composite Floor Structures [FIP, 1998] and to show some of the many other ways that precast concrete can be used to advantage with other materials. The term mixed precast construction is used to describe these other combinations.
The intention is not to discuss design calculations - that is for a future 'fib Guide to good practice'. Instead, the bulletin is meant as a 'State-of-art' publication showing photographs, sketches and details of precast concrete with other materials. There are no design equations, although some technical information on how to combine the materials, e.g. bearings, connections, tolerances, thermal and shrinkage effects, etc., is included if appropriate.
Thus, the document focuses on the use of mixed construction in multistorey buildings, offices, housing, grandstands, parking garages, and industrial warehouses, etc. i. e. on precast concrete as the main construction material and looks at the manner in which other materials can be integrated.
Chapter by chapter the strengths and weakness of each material studied are assessed as part of the total building design. In some cases it is obvious that the load carrying performance of one material outweighs another. In other cases aspects such as thermal, fire, vibration, fatigue, creep, acoustic, seismic and visual characteristics, and the geographical local availability of that material, may be critical. A world-wide survey, presented in Table 1.1, found that precast concrete is a universal building material, but mixed construction is limited mostly to developed countries where structural steelwork and types of timber, such as glue-laminated timber, is readily available. In addition there may be design, detailing, production, transportation, erection and maintenance limitations, which do or do not favor mixed construction.
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Size: 2 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: FIB - The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) | Year: 2002 | Pages: 35 | ISBN: 9782883940581
The report confirms that removal, re-use wholly or in part, and complete demolition and recycling of CGS (Concrete Gravity Structures) are technically feasible.
Governmental policy is consistently moving towards rewarding those industries that contribute to environmentally friendly management. Recycled material is an environmentally friendly alternative that incurs reduced consumption of virgin material and less waste disposal. There is no reason to believe that offshore concrete should be less suitable for recycling than other concrete.
For some platforms the most suitable vessel for carrying the topside ashore may prove to be the CGS itself, as it has to be removed from its position anyhow. A successful removal, however, requires a well planned and controlled operation, necessitating a profound knowledge and understanding of the structure, both in its technical and operational aspects. An important instrument to acquire such knowledge are the records kept during the platform's history describing the main parameters and events.
The report treats the aspects of re-use, removal, demolition methods and recycling of materials and refers to all known international and national regulations in this field, adding a comprehensive list of references and usable internet links.
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Author: William J. Terrell | Size: 4 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Princeton University Press | Year: 2009 | pages: 480 | ISBN: 0691134448, 9780691134444
Stability and Stabilization is the first intermediate-level textbook that covers stability and stabilization of equilibria for both linear and nonlinear time-invariant systems of ordinary differential equations. Designed for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in the sciences, engineering, and mathematics, the book takes a unique modern approach that bridges the gap between linear and nonlinear systems.
Presenting stability and stabilization of equilibria as a core problem of mathematical control theory, the book emphasizes the subject's mathematical coherence and unity, and it introduces and develops many of the core concepts of systems and control theory. There are five chapters on linear systems and nine chapters on nonlinear systems; an introductory chapter; a mathematical background chapter; a short final chapter on further reading; and appendixes on basic analysis, ordinary differential equations, manifolds and the Frobenius theorem, and comparison functions and their use in differential equations. The introduction to linear system theory presents the full framework of basic state-space theory, providing just enough detail to prepare students for the material on nonlinear systems.
Focuses on stability and feedback stabilization
Bridges the gap between linear and nonlinear systems for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students
Balances coverage of linear and nonlinear systems
Covers cascade systems
Includes many examples and exercises
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