Article/eBook Full Name: Effective Length and Notional Load Approaches for Assessing Frame Stability
Author(s): Structural Engineering Institute
Publish Date: (June 1997)
ISBN: 0784402302
Published By: Amer Society of Civil Engineers
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The book provides a rigorous axiomatic approach to continuum mechanics under large deformation. In addition to the classical nonlinear continuum mechanics – kinematics, fundamental laws, the theory of functions having jump discontinuities across singular surfaces, etc. - the book presents the theory of co-rotational derivatives, dynamic deformation compatibility equations, and the principles of material indifference and symmetry, all in systematized form. The focus of the book is a new approach to the formulation of the constitutive equations for elastic and inelastic continua under large deformation. This new approach is based on using energetic and quasi-energetic couples of stress and deformation tensors. This approach leads to a unified treatment of large, anisotropic elastic, viscoelastic, and plastic deformations. The author analyses classical problems, including some involving nonlinear wave propagation, using different models for continua under large deformation, and shows how different models lead to different results. The analysis is accompanied by experimental data and detailed numerical results for rubber, the ground, alloys, etc. The book will be an invaluable text for graduate students and researchers in solid mechanics, mechanical engineering, applied mathematics, physics and crystallography, as also for scientists developing advanced materials.
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book explains theories and tools to represent uncertainty using both data and expert judgment. It teaches the reader how to make design or business decisions when there is limited information with these tools. Readers will learn a structured, risk-based approach, which is based on common sense principles, for design and business decisions. These decisions are consistent with the decision-maker’s risk attitude.
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This report contains information and recommendations concerning the selection and use of natural pozzolans generally conforming to the requirements of ASTM C618- 08. Topics covered include the effect of natural pozzolans on concrete properties, a discussion of quality control and quality assurance practices, and guidance regarding handling and use of natural pozzolans in specific applications.
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This guide summarizes current practices for obtaining cores and interpreting core compressive strength test results in light of past and current research findings. Many of these findings are based on older references as the research has reached a mature state. Parallel procedures are presented for cases where cores are obtained to assess whether concrete strength in a new structure complies with strength-based acceptance criteria, and to determine a value based on the actual in-place concrete strength equivalent to the specified compressive strength fc′. The latter can be directly substituted into conventional strength equations with customary strength reduction factors for strength evaluation of an existing structure. It is inappropriate to use procedures for determining the equivalent specified concrete strength to assess whether concrete strength in a new structure complies with strength-based acceptance criteria.
The order of contents parallels the logical sequence of activities in a typical core-test investigation. Chapter 3 describes how bleeding, consolidation, curing, and microcracking affect in-place concrete strength in structures so the investigator can account for this strength variation when planning the testing program. Chapter 4 identifies preferred sample locations and provides guidance on the number of specimens that should be obtained. Chapter 5 summarizes coring techniques that should result in undamaged, representative test specimens. Chapter 6 describes procedures for testing cores and detecting "outliers" by inspection of loadmachine displacement curves or using statistical tests from ASTM E178. Chapter 7 summarizes the subsequent analysis of strength test data including use of ASTM C42/42M precision statements that quantify expected variability of properly conducted tests for a sample of homogeneous material, research findings concerning accuracy of empirically derived core strength correction factors, and statistical analysis techniques that can determine if the data can be grouped into unique categories. Chapter 8 briefly elaborates on criteria presented in ACI 318 for using core test results to investigate low-strength cylinder test results in new construction.
Chapter 9 presents two methods for estimating the lower tenth-percentile value of in-place concrete strength using core test data to quantify in-place strength. This value is equivalent to the specified compressive strength fc′ and can be directly substituted into conventional strength equations with customary strength reduction factors for strength evaluation of an existing structure.
Example calculations are presented in an appendix for:
• Outlier identification in accordance with ASTM E178 criteria;
• Determining whether a difference in mean strengths of cores from beams and columns is statistically significant; and
• Computing the equivalent specified strength using the two approaches presented in Chapter 9.
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This guide provides an introduction to the evaluation of concrete strength test results. Procedures described are applicable to the compressive strength test results required by ACI 301, ACI 318, and similar specifications and codes. Statistical concepts described are applicable for the analysis of other common concrete test results, including flexural strength, slump, air content, density, modulus of elasticity, and other tests used for evaluating concrete and ingredient materials. This guide assumes that the concrete test results conform to a normal distribution.
Most construction projects in the United States and Canada require routine sampling of concrete and fabrication of standard molded cylinders. These cylinders are usually cast from a concrete sample taken from the discharge of a truck or a batch of concrete. They are molded and cured following the standard procedures of ASTM C31/C31M and tested as required by ASTM C39/C39M. If the concrete is so prepared, cured, and tested, the results are the compressive strength of the concrete cured under controlled conditions, not the in-place strength of the concrete within the structure. It is expected that, given the uniformity of the curing conditions, these cylinders would have essentially the same strength, thereby indicating concrete with consistent properties. It is these cylinders that are used for acceptance purposes.
Inevitably, strength test results vary. Variations in the measured strength of concrete originate from two sources:
• Batch-to-batch variations can result from changes to the ingredients or proportions of ingredients, water-cementitious material ratio (w/cm), mixing, transporting, placing, sampling of the batch, consolidating, and curing; and
• Within-batch variations, also called within-test variations, are primarily due to differences in sampling of the batch sample, specimen preparation, curing, and testing procedures.
There are differences in individual mixer batches between the front and rear of the mixer, as recognized by ASTM C94/C94M. For this reason, ACI Field Level I Technicians are trained to make composite samples from the central portions of loads.
Conclusions regarding concrete compressive strength can be derived from a series of tests. The characteristics of concrete strength can be accurately estimated when an adequate number of tests are conducted in accordance with standard practices and test methods.
Statistical procedures provide valuable tools when evaluating strength test results. Information derived from them is also valuable in refining design criteria and specifications. This guide discusses variations in concrete strength and presents statistical procedures useful for interpreting them with respect to specified testing and acceptance criteria.
For the statistical procedures described in this guide to be valid, data should be derived from samples obtained through a random sampling plan. Random sampling is when each volume of concrete has an equal chance of being selected. To ensure this condition, selection should be made by using an objective mechanism, such as a table of random numbers. When sample batches are selected on the basis of the sampler's judgment, biases are likely to be introduced that will invalidate the analysis. Natrella (1963), Box et al. (2005), and ASTM D3665 discuss the need for random sampling, and provide a useful short table of random numbers.
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The Proceedings of the 1st Conference on New Trends in Fluid and Solid Models" provide an overview of results and new models in fluid dynamics and, in general, in continuum mechanics. The contributions refer in particular to models in continuum mechanics, phase transitions, qualitative analysis for ODEs or PDEs models, Stability in fluids and solids, wave propagation, discontinuity and shock waves, and numerical simulations.
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Could you please provide me with the following paper? I really need it.
"Differential settlements in steel tanks"journal of Geotechnical Engineering,vol. 113,NO 9,pp 967-83 by Timothy B.D’orazio, A.M. ASCE and James M. Duncan, F. ASCE (1987)
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