Elastic Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, and Compressive Strength Relationships at Early Ages
Author(s): Francis A. Oluokun, Edwin G. Burdette, and J. Harold Deatherage
Published By:ACI Materials Journal
Published Year:1991
Abstract: Presents the results of an experimental investigation into the relative relationships between the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and the cylinder compressive strength of concrete, especially at early ages. The applicability to concrete at early ages of some of the existing relations between these properties was also researched. Tests were performed on four different concrete mixes using conventional 6 x 12 in. concrete cylinder test specimens. Test results were obtained for ages ranging from 6 hr to 28 days. Analyses of test results show that the compressive strength and the elastic modulus are related, and an increase in one is generally similarly reflected in an increase in the other. The commonly accepted relationship that the elastic modulus of concrete is proportional to the 0.5 power of the cylinder compressive strength was found to be accurate for the elastic modulus at ages 12 hr and above for all concrete mixes investigated. Poisson's ratio was found to be insensitive to both the age and the richness of the concrete mix and did not change appreciably with compressive strength development.
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The many large earthquakes of the last decade, including the series in Christchurch in 2010-2011 and the Tohoku earthquake in Japan, have focused even greater attention on the cyclic behaviour of soils during these events. Great advances have recently been made on all aspects of soil dynamics, from the prediction of liquefaction based on site investigation to the impact of shaking on geotechnical systems.
The Géotechnique Symposium in Print took place at the Institution of Civil Engineers on 15 June 2015 and provided a forum to discuss the latest advances in the area of geotechnical earthquake engineering. These proceedings bring together the international research presented at the symposium and a number of related papers which were published in earlier issues of Géotechnique. The papers selected for the symposium covered a wide range of topics, including:
· dynamic response of geotechnical systems;
· prediction of liquefaction and evaluation of its impacts; and
· seismic stability of slopes.
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering provides researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive introduction to the recent advances in this area from an international perspective.
Contents
Preface
Session 1:
Field behaviour of soils during earthquakes
Assessment of CPT-based methods for liquefaction evaluation in a Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) framework
R. A. Green, Virginia Tech, USA
Correlation between liquefaction resistance and shear wave velocity of granular soils: A micromechanical perspective
X. Xu, Zhejiang University, China
An interpretation of the seismic behaviour of reinforced-earth retaining structures
L. Callisto, University of Rome, Italy
Cyclic and dynamic behaviour of a soft pyroclastic rock
L. Verrucci, University of Rome, Italy
Empirical predictive relationship for seismic lateral displacement of slopes: models for stable continental and active crustal regions
J. Lee, Arup, USA
Session 2: Model testing of geotechnical systems during earthquakes
Dynamic response of flexible square tunnels: centrifuge testing and validation of existing design methodologies
G. Tsinidis, Aristotle University, Greece
Influence of initial stress distribution on liquefaction induced settlement of shallow foundations
A. Brennan, University of Dundee, UK
Seismic structure-soil-structure interaction between pairs of adjacent building structures
J. Knappett, University of Dundee, UK
A new macro-element model encapsulating the dynamic moment-rotation behaviour of raft foundations
C. Heron, University of Nottingham, UK
Importance of seismic site response and soil-structure interaction in the dynamic behaviour of a tall building founded on piles
E. Bilotta, Silvestri University, Naples, Italy
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Corrosion of reinforcing steel is now recognized as the major cause of degradation of concrete structures in many parts of the world. Despite this, infrastructure expenditure is being unreasonably decreased by sequestration and the incredible shrinking discretionary budget. All components of our infrastructure including highways, airports, water supply, waste treatment, energy supply, and power generation require significant investment and are subjected to degradation by corrosion, which significantly reduces the service life, reliability, functionality of structures and equipment, and safety. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Structures provides a comprehensive review of the subject, in addition to recent advances in research and technological developments, from reinforcing materials to measurement techniques and modelling.
This book contains not only all the important aspects in the field of corrosion of steel reinforced concrete but also discusses new topics and future trends. Part One of the book tackles theoretical concepts of corrosion of steel in concrete structures. The second part moves on to analyse the variety of reinforcing materials and concrete, including stainless steel and galvanized steel. Part Three covers measurements and evaluations, such as electrochemical techniques and acoustic emission. Part Four reviews protection and maintenance methods, whilst the final section analyses modelling, latest developments and future trends in the field.
The book is essential reading for researchers, practitioners and engineers who are involved in materials characterisation and corrosion of steel in concrete structures.
* Provides comprehensive coverage on a broad range of topics related to the corrosion of steel bars in concrete
* Discusses the latest measuring methods and advanced modeling techniques
* Reviews the range of reinforcing materials and types of concrete
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Theory of Elasticity and Stress Concentration comprehensively covers elasticity and stress concentration and demonstrates how to apply the theory to practical engineering problems. It presents a new approach to the topic without the need for complicated mathematics and the principles and meaning of stress concentration are covered without reliance on numerical analysis. Examples are included throughout and end of chapter problems and solutions are also provided.
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Recent Trends in Cold-Formed Steel Construction discusses advancements in an area that has become an important construction material for buildings. The book addresses cutting-edge new technologies and design methods using cold-formed steel as a main structural material, and provides technical guidance on how to design and build sustainable and energy-efficient cold-formed steel buildings.
Part One of the book introduces the codes, specifications, and design methods for cold-formed steel structures, while Part Two provides computational analysis of cold-formed steel structures. Part Three examines the structural performance of cold-formed steel buildings and reviews the thermal performance, acoustic performance, fire protection, floor vibrations, and blast resistance of these buildings, with a final section reviewing innovation and sustainability in cold-formed steel construction. Addresses building sciences issues and provides performance solutions for cold-formed buildingsProvides guidance for using the next generation design method, computational tools, and technologies Edited by an experienced researcher and educator with significant knowledge on new developments in cold-formed steel construction.
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State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences
Author(s)/Editor(s): National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Board on Earth Sciences and Resources | Size: 27 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: NAS Press | Year: 2016 | pages: 297 | ISBN: 0309440270, 9780309440271
This book evaluates these various methods, focusing on those developed within the past 20 years, and recommends strategies to minimize uncertainties in the short term and to develop improved methods to assess liquefaction and its consequences in the long term. This volume represents a first attempt within the geotechnical earthquake engineering community to consider, in such a manner, the various methods to assess liquefaction consequences.
Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction (liquefaction) is a leading cause of earthquake damage worldwide. Liquefaction is often described in the literature as the phenomena of seismic generation of excess porewater pressures and consequent softening of granular soils. Many regions in the United States have been witness to liquefaction and its consequences, not just those in the west that people associate with earthquake hazards.
Past damage and destruction caused by liquefaction underline the importance of accurate assessments of where liquefaction is likely and of what the consequences of liquefaction may be. Such assessments are needed to protect life and safety and to mitigate economic, environmental, and societal impacts of liquefaction in a cost-effective manner. Assessment methods exist, but methods to assess the potential for liquefaction triggering are more mature than are those to predict liquefaction consequences, and the earthquake engineering community wrestles with the differences among the various assessment methods for both liquefaction triggering and consequences.
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 A Primer on Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction
3 Case Histories
4 The Simplified Stress-Based Approach to Triggering Assessment
5 Alternative Approaches to Liquefaction Triggering Assessment
6 Residual Shear Strength of Liquefied Soil
7 Empirical and Semi-Empirical Methods for Evaluating Liquefaction Consequences
8 Use of Computational Mechanics to Predict Liquefaction and Its Consequences
9 Performance-Based Evaluation and Design
10 Recommendations
References
Appendix
Histograms (or parameter distributions) of Recent Liquefaction Triggering Databases
General Description of Performance-Based Design
Glossary
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