EN 1092 Flanges and their joints — Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated

This European Standard for a single series of flanges specifies requirements for circular steel flanges in PN designations PN 2,5 to PN 400 and nominal sizes from DN 10 to DN 4000. This European Standard specifies the flange types and their facings, dimensions, tolerances, threading, bolt sizes, flange jointing face surface finish, marking, materials, pressure/ temperature ratings and approximate flange masses. For the purpose of this European Standard, "flanges" include also lapped ends and collars. This European Standard applies to flanges manufactured in accordance with the methods described in Table 1. Non-gasketed pipe joints are outside the scope of this European Standard.

COMMENTARY AND WORKED EXAMPLES TO EN 1993-1-5 “PLATED STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS”

The objective of this commentary is to present the scientific background to the rules. The mechanical models behind the rules are presented and references to source documents are given. All such models include simplifications, which have to be justified by calibration of the rules against test results. Several models for each failure mode have been checked with calibrations according to Annex D of EN 1990 [2] and the ones included in EN 1993-1-5 are those giving the lowest scatter and the most uniform safety. The procedure for calibration will be summarised in section 1.2. It should be noted that EN 1993-1-5, being a generic code, does not suggest γM values. According to the Eurocode system these values depend on the specific application and should be given by application parts e.g. for buildings in EN 1993-1-1 [3] and bridges in EN 1993-2 [4].
Although the rules may look unfamiliar to many engineers they are in fact only a new combination of rules from different European countries. For the time being they represent a set of useful rules for common plated structures. The intention is to cover beam type of structures like I-girders and box-girders. There are also details that may be improved by further research and some indications are given in this commentary.
This commentary is organised mainly in the same way as the code. In the right hand margin of the pages there are references to the specific clause in the code that the text refers to. The section headings follow that of the code but sometimes related rules from other sections are dealt with together with the main topic of the section. References to literature are given in the end of each section. Some sections go quite far into detail with the intention of documenting unpublished work with development of design rules during the drafting of the code. This commentary is not an official document from CEN but a private initiative by the authors. The content of commentary expresses the opinion of the author of each section although the content has been reviewed within the group. This applies also to clarifications and interpretations of the code. In addition to giving background information to the sections of EN 1993-1-5 this commentary also presents some worked examples in Section 15, 16 and 17. They show how the rules of the code can be applied in practical design.