Sheet Piling Handbook - Design

Over the years, ongoing developments in steel grades, section shapes and driving techniques have led to a wide range of applications for sheet piling. The applications include securing excavations, waterfront structures, foundations, bridge abutments, noise abatement walls, highway structures, cuttings, landfill and contaminated ground enclosures, and flood protection schemes.
The main engineering advantages of sheet pile walls over other types of wall are:
• the extremely favourable ratio of steel cross-section to moment of resistance,
• their suitability for almost all soil types,
• their suitability for use in water,
• the fast progress on site,
• the ability to carry loads immediately,
• the option of extracting and reusing the sections,
• their easy combination with other rolled sections,
• the option of staggered embedment depths,
• the low water permeability, if necessary using sealed interlocks, and
• there is no need for excavations.
Thanks to the aforementioned engineering advantages, plus their functionality, variability and economy, sheet pile walls have become widely acknowledged and frequently used components in civil and structural engineering projects worldwide.
Chapter 2 provides an overview of the most common sections and interlocks. Detailed information about the HSP sections available can be found in the Sheet Piling Handbook published by ThyssenKrupp GfT Bautechnik. This chapter also includes information on the relevant steel properties, the stress-strain behaviour, steel grade designations, suitability for welding and corrosion. The main driving techniques with their advantages and disadvantages are outlined, and publications containing further information are mentioned.
Chapter 3 describes briefly the field and laboratory investigations required when considering the use of sheet piling and includes the characteristic soil parameters from EAU 2004 as a guide. Of course, the publications referred to plus the valid standards and directives must be taken into account. Geotechnics must always take account of the effects of water. Chapter 4 therefore explains the basics of water flows, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures, and hydraulic ground failure.
Chapter 5 deals with earth pressure. Reference is made to the classic earth pressure theory of Coulomb, the calculation of earth pressures according to current recommendations and standards, the consideration of special boundary conditions and earth pressure redistribution. Earth pressure calculations are explained by means of examples.
Chapter 6 first outlines the safety concept according to DIN 1054:2005-01 and EAU 2004, which is based on the partial safety factor concept of Eurocode 7. The special feature in the calculation of sheet pile walls is that the earth pressure can act as both action and resistance. First of all, the engineer chooses the structural system for the sheet pile wall, e.g. sheet pile wall with one row of anchors, fixed in the ground. The required length of the sheet piles, the anchor forces and the actions on the cross-section necessary for the design are then determined from the equilibrium and support conditions. The calculation and design procedure are explained by means of simple examples.
Chapter 7 provides an overview of current types of anchors, e.g. anchor piles, grouted anchors, tie rods and retractable raking piles. The most important methods of analysis are explained using two examples. DIN 1054:2005-01 also requires a serviceability analysis (limit state LS 2). The principal options here are the method using the modulus of subgrade reaction (please refer to the Recommendations of the Committee for Excavations, EAB 2006), and the Finite Element Method (FEM). The latter has in the meantime become firmly established in practice thanks to the availability of ever-better computer programs. The experiences gained with FEM and recommendations for its use in the design of retaining wall structures can be found in chapter 8. An example explains the principal steps entailed in the modelling work and the interpretation of the results.
Chapter 9 deals with dolphins. The choice of section depends not only on the design, but also on the transport and the method of driving the section into the subsoil, the corrosion requirements and, possibly, multiple use considerations. Chapter 10 provides helpful information in this respect. All that remains to be said at this point is that this sheet piling manual can offer only a brief, incomplete insight into the current state of the art regarding the engineering, design and construction of sheet pile walls. No claim is made with respect to correctness and completeness; ThyssenKrupp GfT Bautechnik will be pleased to receive notification of any omissions and corrections.

SEDIMENT AND EROSION DESIGN GUIDE

The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance for the analysis of sediment areas and arroyos in the SSCAFCA jurisdictional area, including methods for evaluating the potential effect of proposed structures or activities on the vertical and lateral stability of the arroyos and drainageways, and for establishing the Lateral Erosion Envelope (LEE) line. The LEE line is a boundary along an arroyo or drainageway that would have a low possibility of being disturbed by erosion, scour, or lateral migration of a natural (unlined) arroyo by storms up to and including the 100-year storm.
This Design Guide describes basic concepts related to the physical processes that control arroyo behavior, provides engineering tools that can be used to quantitatively analyze specific processes, and provides guidance on combining these tools to predict short- and long-term arroyo behavior.
The manual also provides guidance on selecting countermeasures to mitigate potential erosion or flooding problems in key areas, Chapter 2 describes the basic geomorphic and watershed processes that are important in the SSCAFCA area. Chapter 3 provides the individual tools with which to analyze specific aspects of arroyo dynamics, including the following:
• the Incised Channel Evolution Model that explains the progression through which most arroyos evolve in an urbanizing environment,
• methods for assessing hydraulic and sediment transport conditions in the arroyos,
• methods for using that information to assess vertical and lateral adjustability,
• a method for identifying the location of the LEE line, and
• methods for quantifying local scour at various types of structures that are common in the
SSCAFCA area,
Chapter 4 describes the general solution procedures that should be used to combine the specific tools that are provided in Chapter 3 to perform an overall assessment of arroyo stability, progressing from qualitative evaluation of pertinent information through quantitative analysis. Chapter 4 also provides guidance in interpreting the results of the quantitative analysis to identify the nature of the hazard (i.e., flooding erosion or sedimentation) to developed properties along the arroyo, and methods of identifying appropriate methods to mitigate those hazards.
Finally,Chapter 5 provides general guidance on selecting and designing erosion barriers that may be incorporated with the LEE line to accomplish the dual goals of maintaining natural or naturalistic conditions while limiting the width of the erosion limit corridor. A set of example problems are provided in Appendix E to illustrate the use of the various relationships.

Design Guide Economic and Durable Design of Composite Bridges with Integral Abutments

Bridges are of vital importance to the European infrastructure and composite bridges already became a popular solution in many countries and a well-established alternative to concrete bridges. Their competitiveness depends on several circumstances such as site conditions, local costs of material and staff and the contractor’s experience. One outstanding advantage of composite bridges compared to concrete bridges is that the steel girders can carry the weight of the formwork and the fresh concrete during casting. Another major advantage is the savings in construction time, which reduces the traffic disturbance, consequently saves money for the contractor but even more for the road users; a fact that for a long time has been neglected. Recently this factor is increasingly drawn into focus as latest studies show the necessity of taking not only the simple production costs but also the construction time and the maintenance costs into account when deciding for a specific bridge type. Thus nowadays the following demands are imposed on bridge structures, which are all met by the construction of composite bridges
• low production and maintenance costs
• short construction time, saving costs for traffic disturbances
• bridge construction without essential interference of the traffic under the bridge
• minimised traffic disturbance for maintenance
All these needs are met by integral abutment bridges as well. In addition, this bridge type holds the potential to outclass traditional bridges with transition joints as it does not only reduce production and maintenance costs but saves economic and socio-economic costs as well.
• The superstructure can be designed quite slender, which decreases the construction height and the earthworks respectively. This leads to a further decrease of material, fabrication, transport and construction costs.
• Frame bridges allow in certain spans for the elimination of the middle support. This simplifies the construction of the bridge without essential interference of the traffic under the bridge, as the road has not to be closed.
• Due to the absence of bearings and joints, the maintenance costs can be decreased significantly.
This design guide is addressed to designers, constructors, owners and authorities to help them during the whole process of decision making, planning, design and construction of integral abutment bridges.

Pavement Design Manual

This Manual provides a comprehensive guideline to be followed by engineering consultants for pavement design for new roadway and final stage pavement construction, including reconstruction and widening, and rehabilitation. Engineering consultants are responsible for the surfacing strategy and detailed structural pavement design on roadway design project assignments. For the purposes of this Manual, pavement refers to all layers of the pavement structure above the subgrade. An objective of the Manual is to ensure a degree of consistency in designs provided by engineering consultants by following specific structural design methodologies within a general framework. At the same time the design process provides sufficient flexibility to allow for the judgement and innovation by experienced pavement design engineers to address the specific conditions of each project.
Alberta Transportation and Utilities (AT&U) will continue to be the custodian of all pavement evaluation, management and inventory data. These data will be available for use by engineering consultants. AT&U=s role in the design process will be to review pavement designs provided by consultants for completeness, conformance to the design philosophies and methodologies outlined in the Manual, and to ensure that the design is supported by appropriate engineering investigation and evaluation.

Design of Bridge Deck Drainage

The manual provides guidelines and procedures for designing bridge deck drainage systems, including illustrative examples. It includes design theory, step-by-step design procedures, and illustrative examples. Drainage system design is approached from the viewpoints of hydraulic capacity, traffic safety, structural integrity, practical maintenance, and architectural aesthetics. System hardware components, such as inlets, pipes, and downspouts, are described. Guidance for selecting a design gutter spread and flood frequency are provided. System details and existing computer models are discussed.

Durability of Concrete