Chapter 1 Ground Motion Estimation
During Strong Seismic Events Using Matlab
Margaret Segou
Chapter 2 Aftershock Identification
Through Genetic Fault-Plane Fitting
F.A.Nava, V.H.Márquez and J.F.Granados
Chapter 3 Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
and the Indian Summer Monsoon
S. C. Chakravarty
Chapter 4 The Analysis of Influence of River Floods
on Biotic Components of Floodplain Ecosystems
with the Help of MATLAB Simulation
Vladimir Petrovich Bolotnov
Chapter 5 Data Reduction for Water Quality Modelling, Vaal Basin
Bloodless Dzwairo, George M. Ochieng’, Maupi E. Letsoalo and
Fredrick A.O. Otieno
Chapter 6 Modelling Reliability Based
Optimization Design for Water Distribution Networks
Mohamed Abdel Moneim
Chapter 7 Integrated Cyber-Physical Simulation
of Intelligent Water Distribution Networks
Jing Lin and Sahra Sedigh and Ann Miller
Chapter 8 A Novel Wide Area Protection Classification Technique for
Interconnected Power Grids
Based on MATLAB Simulation
Mohammed Eissa Moustafa and Mohammed El-Shahat Masoud
Chapter 9 Simulated Performance of
Conical Antennas Using Matlab-Based
Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Code
George S. Kliros
Chapter 10 Variable Ballast Mechanism for Depth
Positioning of a Spherical Underwater Robot Vehicle
Bambang Sumantri and Mohd. Noh Karsiti
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Support the author and his work buy it if you get a benefit from it in any way.
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This book aims to further a better understanding of such mechanisms, and it is thus destined for an audience of ecologists, pedologists, agronomists and other researchers involved in earth surface science
Clays are the product of slow transformations of high temperature rocks into reactive, fine grained material. This material, once in the sphere of plant interaction, becomes highly reactive with transformation periods of tens to hundreds of years. The challenge of the future is to use these rapid responses to the benefit of mankind.
Contents
Introduction
1 Fundamentals of Clay Mineral Crystal Structure and Physicochemical Properties
Introduction
1.1 The Common Structure of Phyllosilicates
1.1.1 From Atomic Sheets to Layers
1.1.2 Negatively Charged Layers
1.1.3 The Different Layer-to-Layer Chemical Bonds
1.2 Polytypes and Mixed Layer Minerals
1.2.1 Layers of Identical Composition: Polytypes
1.2.2 Layers of Different Composition: Mixed Layer Minerals
1.3 Crystallites – Particles – Aggregates
1.3.1 Crystallites: The Limit of the Mineralogical Definition
1.3.2 Particles and Aggregates
1.4 The Principal Clay Mineral Species
1.4.1 The Cation Substitutions
1.4.2 The Principal Mineral Species of the 1:1 Phyllosilicate Group
1.4.3 Principal Mineral Species of the 2:1 Phyllosilicates Group without Interlayer Sheet
1.4.4 The 2:1 Phyllosilicates with an Interlayer Ion Sheet (Micas)
1.4.5 Phyllosilicates with a Brucite-type Interlayer Sheet (2:1:1)
1.4.6 The Fibrous Clay Minerals: Sepiolite and Palygorskite
1.5 Typical Properties of Intermediate Charge Clay Minerals
1.5.1 Hydration and Swelling
1.5.2 The Crystallite Outer Surfaces
1.5.3 The Ion Exchange Capacity
1.6 Particularities of Clay Minerals: Size and Continuity
1.6.1 Clay Minerals are always Small
1.6.2 The Reduced Number of Layers in the Stacks Typical of Clay Minerals
1.6.3 From Order-Disorder to Crystal Defects
1.6.4 Composition Heterogeneity at the Scale of a Single Layer
1.7 How Do Clay Minerals Grow?
1.7.1 Phyllosilicate Growth Principles
1.7.2 Speculative Interpretation of Growth Processes – Crystal Morphology Relations
1.7.3 Nucleation Processes in Clay-Bearing Rocks
1.8 Summary: Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
1.8.1 The 2:1 Clay Structure and Its Importance in Soils
1.8.2 The Illitic Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
1.8.3 Expandable Minerals (Smectites – Vermiculites)
1.8.4 Hydroxy Interlayered Minerals
1.8.5 Mixed Layer Minerals in Soils
1.8.6 Kaolinite and Kaolinite/Smectite Mixed Layer Minerals (K/S)
1.8.7 Allophane and Imogolite
1.8.8 The Non-Phyllosilicate Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
1.8.9 Stability of Clay Minerals Formed under Weathering Conditions
Suggested Reading
2 Basics for the Study of Soil and Weathered Rock
Geochemical Systems
Introduction
2.1 Definition of the Systems
2.1.1 The Size of the Systems under Consideration
2.1.2 The Solutions in Systems of Different Size
2.2 The Physicochemical Forces Acting in the Systems
2.2.1 Basic Definitions
2.2.2 The Chemical Potential
2.2.3 A Particular Chemical Potential: The pH
2.2.4 The Oxidation-Reduction Potential (Redox)
2.3 Mineral Reactions in Alteration Systems
2.3.1 Conditions at Equilibrium
2.3.2 Kinetics of Alteration Reactions
Suggested Reading
3 The Development of Soils and Weathering Profile
Introduction
3.1 Physical Description of Soils and Weathering Profiles
3.1.1 The Development of Weathering Profiles
3.1.2 The Development of Soils
3.1.3 Conclusion in a YES or NO Question Series
3.2 Dynamics of the Alteration Process under Temperate Conditions: An Investigation Comparing Soil and Rock Alteration in Profiles
3.2.1 Alteration in Temperate Climates
3.2.2 Kinetics of Alteration Processes
3.2.3 Kinetics of Soil Formation
3.3 The Inter-Relation of the Dynamics of the Alteration-Soil Profile Sequence
3.3.1 Overview of Soil and Weathering Mineralogy
3.3.2 The Mineralogy of Soil Horizons
3.3.3 Mineralogical and Chemical Differences between Alteration and Soil Zones
3.4 What Are the Clay Mineral Assemblages?
3.4.1 Formation of Different Clay Mineral Phases in A Horizon
3.4.2 General Schema of Alteration Zone and Soil Relations
3.4.3 Overview of Alteration in the Soil Zone in Temperate Climates
Suggested Reading
4 Clay Mineral Formation in Weathered Rocks: Water–Rock Interaction
Introduction
4.1 Weathered Rock Profiles in Temperate Climates
4.1.1 Weathering at the Landscape Scale
4.1.2 The Parent Rock Control on Weathering Profiles
4.1.3 The Climate Control on Weathering Profiles
4.1.4 From Macro- to Microscopic Scale
4.2 The Internal Destabilization of Primary Minerals (Primary Plasmic Microsystems)
4.2.1 Porosity-Permeability and Microsystems in Crystalline Rocks
4.2.2 Petrography of Contact Microsystems
4.2.3 Petrography of the Primary Plasmic Microsystems
4.3 Mineral Reactions in the Secondary Plasmic Microsystems
4.3.1 Petrography of the Secondary Plasmic Microsystems
4.3.2 Clays Forming in Secondary Plasmic Microsystems
4.4 The Ultimate Weathering Stages
4.4.1 The Fissural Microsystems: Cutans
4.4.2 Accumulations (Absolute and Residual)
4.5 The Weathering of Porous Sedimentary Rocks
4.5.1 Glauconitic Sandstones
4.5.2 Weathering of Marls
4.6 Possible Models for Weathering Processes
4.6.1 From Heterogeneity to Homogeneity
4.6.2 Mass Balance and Weathering Rates
4.6.3 From Qualitative to Quantitative Models
4.7 Summary of the Water/Rock Interaction Clay-Forming Processes
Suggested Reading
5 Plants and Soil Clay Minerals
Introduction
5.1 Dynamics of Clay Reactions in the Soil (Plant/Clay Interaction) Zone of the A Horizon
5.1.1 Disequilibrium in Plant–Soil Zone Clays
5.1.2 Dynamics of Clay Reactions in the Soils
5.2 Clay Mineral Types in the Plant–Soil Interaction Zone
5.2.1 Illite
5.2.2 Kaolinite
5.2.3 Oxides and Oxyhydroxides
5.2.4 Mixed Layer Minerals
5.3 Soil Clay Mineral Assemblages by Ecological Type
5.3.1 Prairie Soils
5.3.2 Forest Soils
5.4 Chemical Control in Soil Horzion by Plant Action
5.4.1 Silica
5.4.2 Potassium
5.4.3 Element Loss and Element Gain
5.5 Agricultural Influences
5.5.1 Prairie Soil Clay Mineralogy in Agriculture
5.5.2 Effect of Fertilizer on Clay Minerals
5.5.3 Plants and Soil Clay Minerals: Some Thoughts for Further Consideration
Suggested Reading
6 Clays and Climate – Clay Assemblages Formed under Extreme Humidity Conditions
Introduction
6.1 Impact of High Rainfall on Clay Mineralogy
6.1.1 Soil Development as a Function of Rainfall
6.1.2 Very High Rainfall
6.2 Rainfall and Vitreous Rocks (Andosols)
6.2.1 Andosol Characteristics
6.2.2 Weathering Processes Affecting Vitreous Rocks under Constantly Humid Conditions
6.2.3 Mineralogy and Hydration State of Andosols
6.3 Weathering Trends as a Function of Time
6.3.1 Weathering Trends as a Function of Time under Tropical Conditions
6.3.2 Weathering Trends in Semi-Arid and Arid Climates
6.3.3 Summary
Suggested Reading
7 Physical Disequilibrium and Transportation of Soil Material
Introduction
7.1 Slope Effects and Physical Disequilibrium
7.1.1 High Slopes in Mountains
7.1.2 Moderate Slopes
7.1.3 Wind and Water
7.1.4 Movement of Coarse Grained Material
7.2 Fine Grained Material
7.2.1 Wind Transport and Loess
7.2.2 Reaction Rates due to Plant/Loess Interaction
7.2.3 River Transport and Salt Marsh Sediments
7.3 Catena Movement of Fine Grained Material on Slopes
7.3.1 Topographically Controlled Soil Sequences
7.3.2 Slope and Smectite Genesis (Catenas)
7.4 Summary
Suggested Reading
8 The Place of Clay Mineral Species in Soils and Alterites
Introduction
8.1 Where Clay Mineral Types Occur in Alterites and Soils
8.1.1 The 2:1 Minerals
8.1.2 Kaolinite and Kaolinite/Smectite Mixed Layer Minerals
8.1.3 Gibbsite
8.1.4 Iron Oxyhydroxides
8.1.5 Imogolite and Allophane
8.1.6 Chlorites
8.1.7 Palygorskite, Sepiolite
8.2 Clay Minerals Present in Soils as a Response to Climate
8.2.1 Physical Factors and Their Effect on Alteration and Soil Clay Mineral Facies
8.2.2 Weathering Trend (Water – Silicate Chemical Trends)
8.3 The Impact of Plant Regime on Clay Minerals in Soils
8.3.1 Reactivity of Clay Minerals in Ecosystems
8.3.2 Convergence of Soil Clay Mineralogies
8.3.3 Effect of Chemical Translocation by Plants on Clay Mineral Stabilities
8.3.4 Equilibrium and Disequilibrium of Soil Clays
8.4 The Structure of Alteration and Clay Formation
8.4.1 Water/Rock Interaction
8.4.2 Source Rock and Clays
8.4.3 Plant/Soil Interaction
8.4.4 Clay Transport
8.4.5 Kinetics of Clay Change in the Soil Zone
8.4.6 Minerals Present and Their Change in the Soil/Plant Interaction Zone
8.4.7 Conclusions
8.5 Perspectives for Clay Mineral Science in Surface Environments: Challenges for the Future
8.5.1 Soils and Crops
8.5.2 Soils as a Natural Safety Net for Modern Society
Suggested Reading
Annexes
Annex 1 – Polytypes
Definition
An Example: The Mica or Illite Polytypes
References
Annex 2 – Mixed Layer Minerals
Conditions of Interstratification
Random Stacking Sequence (R0)
Ordered Stacking Sequences (R1)
References
Annex 3 – Cation Exchange Capacity
The Chemical Reaction of Cation Exchange
Deviation from Ideality
The Variable Charges
References
Annex 4 – Hydroxy-Interlayered Minerals (HIMs)
The XRD Properties of Hydroxy-Interlayered Minerals
The Incorporation of Al Ions in the Interlayer Region of HIMs
The Crystallochemical Composition of HIMs
The Mixed Layer Model
Conclusion
References
Annex 5 – Phase Diagrams Applied to Clay Mineral Assemblages
Fundamentals
Clay Minerals: The Stable Phases at Surface of the Earth
References
Annex 6 – Kinetics
Fundamentals
The Fick’s Laws
Suggested Reading
References
Subject Index
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Employing a non-intimidating writing style that emphasizes concepts rather than formulas, this uniquely welcoming text shows consumers of research how to read, understand, and critically evaluate the statistical information and research results contained in technical research reports. Some key topics covered in this thoroughly revised text include: descriptive statistics, correlation, reliability and validity, estimation, h hypothesis testing, t-tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA, regression, multivariate analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM). A number of mini-topics related to research and statistics are also discussed, such as the geometric mean, Tau-b correlation, Guttman split-half reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and the Sobel test. Additionally, the sixth edition also includes over 488 new excerpts (tables, figures, passages of text) taken from current research reports. Written specifically for students in non-thesis Master’s Programs but also perfectly suitable for students in upper-level undergraduate statistics courses, doctoral students who must conduct dissertation research, and independent researchers who want a better handle on how to decipher and critique statistically-based research reports.
Thoroughly updated and revised to reflect advances in the field, Reading Statistics and Research, Sixth Edition gives consumers of research exactly what they are seeking in this caliber of text, that being the knowledge necessary to better understand research and statistics, and the confidence and ability to ultimately decipher and critique research reports on their own.
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This comprehensive introduction to probability and statistics will give you the solid grounding you need no matter what your engineering specialty. Through the use of lively and realistic examples, the author helps you go beyond simply learning about statistics--you'll also learn how to put the statistical methods to use. In addition, rather than focusing on rigorous mathematical development and potentially overwhelming derivations, Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences emphasizes concepts, models, methodology, and applications that facilitate your understanding.
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Landscape Construction, 3rd edition, with its simple but complete instructions for a multitude of exterior construction projects, is the ideal learning and resource tool for future landscape contractors and designers. Photos and illustrations support the instructions for such activities as site preparation, grading and drainage, utilities and irrigation, retaining wall construction, paving, exterior carpentry, fencing, and such amenities as pools, ponds, and edging. Readers will appreciate the easy-to-follow process of construction and the review of various materials, tools, and methods. A discussion of estimating and bidding for jobs will be valuable to professionals in their work and also to homeowners as they consider their own exterior projects. Landscape Construction, 3rd edition is the sole resource needed to accomplish a multitude of hardscape construction goals.
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The study of engineering physics emphasises the application of basic scientific principles to the design of equipment, which includes electronic and electro-mechanical systems, for use in measurements, communications, and data acquisition. Engineering mechanics is the basis of all the mechanical sciences - civil engineering, materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering and aeronautical and aerospace engineering. This book gathers the latest research from around the globe in this field of study. The analysis of existing models of high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is presented with special emphasis on the kinetics of interaction in strongly non-isothermal conditions typical of SHS. A novel multiple model approach is also proposed in order to model and control non-linear behaviour of large structures equipped with non-linear smart control devices. In addition, this book examines the description of the processes which take place during the interaction of neodymium laser radiation (moderate power density) with metal targets. Other chapters in this book examine the main features of oil shale transformation under thermal processing, recent progress in application of radiation techniques for the synthesis and modification of carbon nanostructures, a brief analysis calculating and theoretical models describing free-flowing substance movement, and a discussion of fuzzy classifier based on kernel discriminant analysis (KDA) for two-class and multi-class problems.
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University Physics with Modern Physics (13th Edition)
Author: Hugh D. Young (Author), Roger A. Freedman (Author), A. Lewis Ford (Author) | Size: 50.69 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Addison Wesley; 13 edition (January 8, 2011) | Year: 2011 | pages: 1598 | ISBN: ISBN-10: 0321696867; ISBN-13: 978-0321696861
Product Description
University Physics with Modern Physics, Thirteenth Edition continues to set the benchmark for clarity and rigor combined with effective teaching and research-based innovation.
University Physics is known for its uniquely broad, deep, and thoughtful set of worked examples–key tools for developing both physical understanding and problem-solving skills. The Thirteenth Edition revises all the Examples and Problem-Solving Strategies to be more concise and direct while maintaining the Twelfth Edition's consistent, structured approach and strong focus on modeling as well as math. To help students tackle challenging as well as routine problems, the Thirteenth Edition adds Bridging Problems to each chapter, which pose a difficult, multiconcept problem and provide a skeleton solution guide in the form of questions and hints.
The text's rich problem sets–developed and refined over six decades–are upgraded to include larger numbers of problems that are biomedically oriented or require calculus. The problem-set revision is driven by detailed student-performance data gathered nationally through MasteringPhysics®, making it possible to fine-tune the reliability, effectiveness, and difficulty of individual problems.
Complementing the clear and accessible text, the figures use a simple graphic style that focuses on the physics. They also incorporate explanatory annotations–a technique demonstrated to enhance learning.
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The purpose of this standard is to provide minimum requirements for the design, construction, inspection, and testing of new cylindrical, factory coated, bolted carbon-steel tanks for the storage of water. This standard is only applicable to tanks with a base elevation substantially at ground level.
1.1.1 Tank roofs. All tanks storing potable water shall have roofs. Roofs may be column-supported, self-supported, or aluminum dome. Tanks storing nonpotable water may be constructed without roofs.
1.1.2 Items not described. This standard does not cover all details of design and construction. Details that are not addressed shall be designed and constructed to be as adequate and as safe as those that would otherwise be provided under this standard. This standard is not applicable to tanks of corrugated construction. This standard is not applicable to tanks constructed of stacked plates or sheets laminated to form multiple layers.
1.1.3 Local requirements. This standard is not intended to cover storage tanks erected in areas subject to regulations more stringent than the requirements contained within this standard. In such cases, this standard should be followed where it does not conflict with local requirements. Where more stringent local, municipal, county, or state government requirements apply, such requirements shall be specified and this standard shall be interpreted to supplement them.
Major revisions
This edition of the standard includes numerous corrections, updates, revisions, and new material to clarify some of the existing requirements. Sections were rearranged and revisions made to eliminate contractual language. Metric equations and dimensions were added.
Sec. 1 General was revised to clarify that corrugated tanks and tanks constructed of multiple layers of steel were not applicable to the standard.
Sec. 2 References was revised and updated.
Sec. 4 Materials was revised and includes additional grades of plates, sheets, structural shapes, hardware, and other tank construction materials.
Sec. 5 General Design was revised to include maximum thickness of flat-panel shell plates of 0.5 in. (12.7 mm), foundation anchor bolt Sec. 5.9.4 was revised, and reinforcing criteria for diameter of connections was decreased from 4 in. (102 mm) to 2 in. (51 mm). Bolted piping flanges Figure 2 was eliminated.
Sec. 7 Accessories for Tanks was revised regarding ladder requirements to bring into compliance with updated OSHA regulations 29 CFR Part 1910.
Sec. 8 Welding was revised and updated regarding qualifications, procedures, and inspection.
Sec. 14 Seismic Design and Sec. 15 Wind Design were revised extensively to reflect the requirements of the International Building Code and ASCE 7.
Appendix A Commentary for Factory-Coated Bolted Carbon-Steel Tanks for Water Storage is added to provide background information for many of the requirements contained in the standard.
Other general and specific revisions, additions, and corrections were made throughout the standard.
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