PD 6689:2009. Surface treatments. Guidance on the use of BS EN 12271 and BS EN 12273
Published Document (PD) 6689 gives guidance on the use of BS EN 12271 and BS EN 12273 in the United Kingdom. BS EN 12271 specifies the properties of surface dressing whilst BS EN 12273 specifies the properties of slurry surfacing and microsurfacing.
PD 6689 gives guidance on the performance requirements and control procedures for the installation of both surface treatments as products for the maintenance of roads and other trafficked areas.
PD 6689 does not apply to the following:
• Surface dressings designed by the purchaser; i.e. the recipe approach for which the contractor is instructed as to the rates of spread, chipping size, etc., and therefore is not responsible for performance requirements
• Surface treatments in tunnels where fire regulations apply
• Small areas under 500 m2 which are not contiguous, such as patch repair
• Airfield pavements covered by international regulations (e.g. International Civil Aviation Organization regulations).
BS EN 12271:2006 Surface dressing. Requirements
BS EN 12271 specifies a range of categories for properties of surface dressing to enable users to select appropriate limiting values for a wide range of uses within Europe.
The specifier needs to define BS EN 12271 categories for properties relevant to the particular end-use of the surface dressing. It does not cover surface dressing works carried out to the purchaser’s design, commonly called a recipe specification.
This type of specification can continue to be used, but purchasers are responsible for the performance of the surface dressing provided that the works have been executed correctly.
BS EN 12273:2008 Slurry surfacing. Requirements
BS EN 12273 specifies a range of categories for properties of slurry surfacing and microsurfacing to enable users to select appropriate limiting values for a wide range of uses within Europe.
Specifiers need to define BS EN 12273 categories for properties relevant to the particular end-use of the slurry surfacing and microsurfacing.
This version of PD 6689 replaces the 2006 version, which is withdrawn.
Contents of PD 6689:
Foreword
0 Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Overview
5 Requirements of BS EN 12271 and BS EN 12273
6 Factory production control
7 Type approval installation trial (TAIT)
Annexes
Annex A (informative) Examples of specification – surface dressing
Annex B (informative) Examples of specification – slurry surfacing and microsurfacing
Bibliography
List of figures
Figure A.1 – Surface dressing – example specifications
Figure B.1 – Slurry surfacing and microsurfacing – example specifications
List of tables
Table 1 – Traditional binder class names
Table 2 – Traffic categories
Table 3 – Surface dressing – tolerance and accuracy of rate of spread of binder and chippings
Table 4 – Surface dressing – categories for defects determined by visual assessment
Table 5 – Surface dressing – recommended minimum macrotexture levels at the end of the guarantee period
Table 6 – Slurry surfacing and microsurfacing – recommended minimum macrotexture levels
Table 7 – Slurry surfacing and microsurfacing – categories for defects determined by visual assessment
Table 8 – Surface dressing – frequencies of test for binder and chipping application
Table 9 – Slurry surfacing and microsurfacing – frequencies of testing – all road types
Table 10 – Surface dressing – example of family of TAITs
Table 11 – Slurry surfacing and microsurfacing – example of family of TAITs
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This comprehensive book on the use of microscopy for cement production contains the latest information on preparation of samples, stains and etches, Ono's method, and microscopical interpretation of clinker and raw materials.
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Discusses and illustrates microscopic characteristics of alite, belite, tricalcium aluminate, ferrite, free lime, periclase, alkali sulfates, and miscellaneous phases, then covers clinker interpretation and misinterpretation. History, explanation, and practice of Ono method for using transmitted, polarized light microscopy in kiln control and cement quality control.
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Author: James H. Allen III, PE, PhD | Size: 4.9 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: For Dummies | Year: 2010 | pages: 388 | ISBN: 0470598948
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The experience developed by Ian McHarg represents the first attempt to base environmental planning on more objective methods. In particular, he supposed that the real world can be considered as a layer cake and each layer represents a sectoral analysis. This metaphor represents the fundamental of overlay mapping. At the beginning, these principles have been applied only by hand, just considering the degree of darkness, produced by layer transparency, as a negative impact. In the following years, this craftmade approach, has been adopted for data organization in Geographical Information Systems producing analyses with a high level of quality and rigour. Nowadays, great part of studies in environmental planning field have been developed using GIS. The next step relative to the simple use of geographic information in supporting environmental planning is the adoption of spatial simulation models, which can predict the evolution of phenomena. As the use of spatial information has definitely improved the quality of data sets on which basing decision-making process, the use of Geostatistics, spatial simulation and, more generally, geocomputation methods allows the possibility of basing the decision-making process on predicted future scenarios. It is very strange that a discipline such as planning which programs the territory for the future years in great part of cases is not based on simulation models. Sectoral analyses, often based on surveys, are not enough to highlight dynamics of an area. Better knowing urban and environmental changes occurred in the past, it is possible to provide better simulations to predict possible tendencies. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the main methods and techniques adopted in the field of environmental geocomputation in order to produce a more sustainable development.
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Many concrete structures and elements of concrete infrastructure have exceeded their original design lives and are deteriorating to an extent where they are becoming dangerous. The deterioration can be internal or not obvious and therefore only shows up with detailed testing. Non-destructive evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, Volume 1: Deterioration processes and standard test methods reviews the processes of deterioration and classical and standard test methods. Part one discusses deterioration of reinforced concrete and testing problems with chapters on topics such as key issues in the non-destructive testing of concrete structures, when to use non-destructive testing of reinforced concrete structures, deterioration processes in reinforced concrete, modelling ageing and corrosion processes in reinforced concrete structures, components in concrete and their impact on quality, and predicting the service life of reinforced concrete structures. Part two reviews classical and standard testing methods including microscopic examination of deteriorated concrete, the analysis of solid components and their ratios in reinforced concrete structures, the determination of chlorides in concrete structures, and investigating the original water content of reinforced concrete structures. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Non-destructive evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, Volume 1: Deterioration processes and standard test methods will be a standard reference for civil and structural engineers as well as those concerned with making decisions regarding the safety of reinforced concrete structures.
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Hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW) is a combination of laser welding with arc welding. It overcomes some of the shortfalls of both processes. Hybrid laser-arc welding combines deep weld penetration of laser welding with good gap tolerance of gas metal arc welding (GMAW). HLAW can also enhance the metallurgical stability of a finished component, giving welds that are stronger and less brittle. This important book provides a comprehensive account of hybrid laser-arc welding including technological aspects, hybrid welding of metals, applications and future trends.
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Contents: Part 1 Characteristics of hybrid laser-arc welding: Advantages and disadvantages of arc and laser welding; Fundamentals of hybrid laser-arc welding; Heat sources of hybrid laser-arc welding processes; Effect of shielding gas on hybrid laser-arc welding; Properties of joints produced by hybrid laser-arc welding; Quality control and assessing weld quality in hybrid laser-arc welding. Part 2 Applications of hybrid laser-arc welding: Hybrid welding of magnesium alloys; Shipbuilding applications of hybrid laser-arc welding; Industrial robotic application of laser-GMAW and laser-Tandem hybrid welding; Hybrid laser-arc welding of aluminium; Hybrid laser-arc welding of dissimilar metals. Part 3 Hybrid laser-arc welding of steel: Hybrid laser-arc welding of steel.
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Professor Flemming Ove Olsen works in the Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management at the Technical University of Denmark. He is internationally known for his research in the field of hybrid laser-arc welding.
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Tensile strength, fatigue strength and ductility are important properties of nanostructured metallic materials, which make them suitable for use in applications where strength or strength-to-weight ratios are important. Nanostructured metals and alloys reviews the latest technologies used for production of these materials, as well as recent advances in research into their structure and mechanical properties.
One of the most important issues facing nanostructured metals and alloys is how to produce them. Part 1 describes the different methods used to process bulk nanostructured metals and alloys, including chapters on severe plastic deformation, mechanical alloying and electrodeposition among others. Part 2 concentrates on the microstructure and properties of nanostructured metals, with chapters studying deformation structures such as twins, microstructure of ferrous alloys by equal channel angular processing, and characteristic structures of nanostructured metals prepared by plastic deformation. In part 3, the mechanical properties of nanostructured metals and alloys are discussed, with chapters on such topics as strengthening mechanisms, nanostructured metals based on molecular dynamics computer simulations, and surface deformation. Part 4 focuses on existing and developing applications of nanostructured metals and alloys, covering topics such as nanostructured steel for automotives, steel sheet and nanostructured coatings by spraying.
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