ABSTRACT
Puerto Rico is situated in an earthquake prone region. Most of residential buildings in Puerto Rico are reinforced concrete structures. Because of the imminent risk of being affected by a strong earthquake, it is important to study their damage vulnerability. The lack of local earthquake vulnerability curves for Puerto Rico and the fact that local construction practice differs from that in USA motivates the author to look at the development of reliable fragility curves based on typical buildings properties and selection of ground motions based on local geology characteristics and past worldwide earthquakes scaled to different peak ground acceleration to obtain a wide range of maximum accelerations. This study is directed to low rise and medium rise concrete residential buildings in Puerto Rico. Typical lateral resisting systems, comprising moment frames and structural walls are considered. The analytical models are two-dimensional
and are analyzed using the nonlinear dynamic time history method considering flexural nonlinear behavior for frames and both flexural and shear nonlinear behavior for shear walls.
Algan’s formulation (1982) and HAZUS drift limits were used to calculate the expected damage of the models. Damage to structures is quantified based on the inter-story drift ratio of the
structure. The damage states considered were: Minor, Moderate, Substantial and Major, for Algan and Slight, Moderate, Extensive and Complete for HAZUS. With this information, lognormal functions expressed in the form of two parameters (log-median and log-standard deviation) were fitted and fragility curves developed as a function of PGA. It is common for concrete housing to have resisting elements oriented in only one direction. These structures are evaluated for forces in both directions independently and also taking in account both directions simultaneously. Multistory residential buildings in Puerto Rico commonly have shear walls oriented in both directions. A set of four fragility curves, one for each damage state is developed
for each scenario studied. A total of 13 sets of fragility curves for each method are proposed. Multistory models proved to be the least vulnerable of the structures analyzed. These curves are
useful tools for the insurance companies in Puerto Rico in order to improve their risk assessments.
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This book is intended for a beginner with Elementary Knowledge of Structural mechanics and Fortran Programming. Stiffness and flexibility methods are commonly known as Matrix methods. Of these, the stiffness method using member approach is amenable to Computer Programming and is widely used for structural analysis.
The emphasis in the book is on explaining basic fundamentals of this approach and on developing programs. This is achieved through extremely simple Style of presentation in lucid Language and proceeding in stages from simple to Complex structures. Unified theory with a single complex Program is totally avoided. Instead, each skeletal structure is discussed in a separate chapter with simple, short and transparent program. Theory is presented in matrix notations along with clear mention of scalar Components for proper understanding of the Physical quantities. Illustrative solved examples explain data preparation, data file and interpretation of the results. Alternate possibilities of data preparation are mentioned and used. The information about data generation, skyline storage, variable dimensioning and frontal technique is intentionally presented separately at a later Stage to Help reader in modifying initial simple programs.
The treatment of flexibility and direct stiffness method is limited to introduction of elementary concepts. Transfer matrix method, plastic analysis by stiffness method and sub-structure method are included as additional Topics of interest. A chapter is devoted to present an alternate view of stiffness method as a variational approach. Non-linear structural behaviour and techniques commonly adopted to evaluate non-linear response are discussed. Formulae for displacements in beams and restraining actions are included in Appendices A and B. Appendix C discusses various methods of solution of simultaneous Algebraic equations. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter.
The book will be useful to undergraduate and postgraduate Civil Engineering students and also to those preparing for competitive examinations.
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The purpose of this book is has to bridge the gap between the traditional Geomechanics and Numerical Geotechnical Modelling with applications in science and practice. Geomechanics is rarely taught within the rigorous context of Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, while when it comes to Numerical Modelling, commercially available finite elements or finite differences software utilize constitutive relationships within the rigorous framework. As a result, young scientists and engineers have to learn the challenging subject of constitutive modelling from a program manual and often end up with using unrealistic models which violate the Laws of Thermodynamics. The book is introductory, by no means does it claim any completeness and state of the art in such a dynamically developing field as numerical and constitutive modelling of soils. The author gives basic understanding of conventional continuum mechanics approaches to constitutive modelling, which can serve as a foundation for exploring more advanced theories. A considerable effort has been invested here into the clarity and brevity of the presentation. A special feature of this book is in exploring thermomechanical consistency of all presented constitutive models in a simple and systematic manner.
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A concise treatment of the fundamental principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy, featuring the important physical, chemical, biological and stratigraphic characteristics of sedimentary rocks. Emphasized are the ways in which the study of sedimentary rocks is used to interpret depositional environments, changes in ancient sea level, and other intriguing aspects of Earth history. Topics include the origin and transport of sedimentary materials; physical properties of sedimentary rocks; composition, classification and diagenesis of sedimentary rocks and principles of stratigraphy and basin analysis.
For individuals interested in one text providing comprehensive coverage of both sedimentology and stratigraphy.
Contents
Preface
Introduction
PART I Origin and Transport of Sedimentary Materials
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 SUBAERI ALWEATHERING PROCESSES
1.3 SUBMARINE WEATHERING PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS
1.4 SO ILS
1.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
2 Transport and Deposition ofSiliciclastic Sediment
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 FUNDAMENTA LS OF FLUID FLOW
2.3 PARTICLE TRANSPORT BY FLUIDS
2.4 PARTICLE TRANSPORT BY SEDIMENT GRAVI TY FLOWS
PART II Physical Properties of Sedimentary Rocks
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 GRAIN SIZE
3.3 PARTICLE SHAPE
3.4 FABRIC
4 Sedimentary Structures
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 KINDS OF PRIMARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
4.3 STRATIFICATION AND BEDFORMS
4.4 BEDDING-P LANE MARKINGS
4.5 OTHER STRUCTURES
4.6 PALEOCURRENT ANALYSIS FROM SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
PART III Composition, Classification, and Diagenesis of Sedimentary Rocks
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SANDSTONES
5.3 CONGLOMERATES
5.4 SHALES (MUDROCKS)
5.5 DIAGENESIS OF SILICICLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
5.6 PROVENANCE SI GNIFICANCE OF MINERAL COMPOSITION
6 Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY
6.3 LIMESTONE TEXTURES
6.4 DOLOMITE TEXTURES
6.5 STRUCTURES IN CARBONATE ROCKS
6.6 CLASSIFICATION OF CARBONATE ROCKS
6.7 ORIGIN OF CARBONATE ROCKS
6.8 DIAGENESIS
7 Other Chemical/Biochemical and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Rocks
7.1 INT RODUCTION
7.2 EVAPORITES
7.3 SILICEOUS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (CHERTS)
7.4 IRON-BEARING SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
7.5 SEDIMENTARY PHOSPHORITES
7.6 CARBONACEOUS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: COAL, OIL SHALE, BITUMENS
PART IV Depositional Environments
8 Continental (Terrestrial) Environments
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 FLUVIAL SYSTEMS
8.3 EOLIAN DESERT SYSTEMS
8.4 LACUSTRINE SYSTEMS
8.5 GLACIAL SYSTEMS
9 Marginal-Marine Environments
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 DELTAIC SYSTEMS
9.3 BEACH AND BARRlER ISLAND SYSTEMS
9.4 ESTUARINE SYSTEMS
9.5 LAGOONAL SY STEMS
9.6 TIDAL-FLAT SYSTEMS
10 Siliciclastic Marine Environments
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 THE SHELF ENVIRONMENT
10.3 THE OCEANIC (DEEP-WATER) ENVIRONMENT
11 Carbonate and Evaporite Environments
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 CARBONATE SHELF (NONREEF ) ENVIRONMEN TS
11.3 SLOPE/B ASIN CARBONATES
11.4 ORGANIC REEF ENVIRONMENTS
11.5 MIXED CARBONATE-SILICICLASTIC SYSTEMS 388
11.6 EVAPORITE ENVIRONMENTS
PART V Stratigraphy and Basin Analysis
12 Lithostratigraphy
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 TYPES OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
12.3 STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS
12.4 VERTICAL AND LATERAL SUCCESSIONS OF STRATA
12.5 NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
12.6 CORRELATION OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
13 Seismic, Sequence, and Magnetic Stratigraphy
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY
13.3 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
13.4 MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY
14 Biostratigraphy
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 FOSSILS AS A BASIS FOR STRATIGRAPHIC SUBDIVISION
14.3 BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
14.4 THE BASIS FOR BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONATION: CHANGES IN ORGANISMS THROUGH TIME
14.5 DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANISMS IN SPACE: PA LEOBIOGEOGRAPHY
14.6 COMBINED EFFECTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANISMS IN TIME AND SPACE
14.7 BIOCORRELATION
15 Chronostratigraphy and Geologic Time
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 GEOLOGIC TIME UNITS
15.3 THE GEOLOGIC TIME SC ALE
15.4 CHRONOCORRELATION
16 Basin Analysis, Tectonics, and Sedimentation
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 MECHANISMS OF BASIN FORMATION (SUBSIDENCE)
16.3 PLATE TECTONICS AND BASINS
16.4 KINDS OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS
16.5 SEDIMENTARY BASIN FILL
16.6 TECHNIQUES OF BASIN ANALYSIS
16.7 APPLICATIONS OF BASIN ANALYSIS
Appendices
Appendix A Form and Roundness ofSedimentary Particles
Appendix 8 Paleothermometry
Appendix C North American Stratigraphic Code
Appendix D Nomenclature of Global and North American Chronostratigraphic Units
Appendix E Web Sites Pertaining to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
Bibliography
Index
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AutoSketch® 10 is 2D drafting software with tools and templates for the creation of conceptual sketches, product specifications, informative graphics, and more. A customizable work environment provides a flexible and efficient workspace for straightforward drawing. Content libraries provide ready-made, drag-and-drop content.
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