China is the most rapidly urbanizing nation in the world, with an urban population that may well reach one billion within a generation. Over the past 25 years, surging economic growth has propelled a construction boom unlike anything the world has ever seen, radically transforming both city and countryside in its wake. The speed and scale of China's urban revolution challenges nearly all our expectations about architecture, urbanism and city planning. China's ambition to be a major player on the global stage is written on the skylines of every major city. This is a nation on the rise, and it is building for the record books.
China is now home to some of the world's tallest skyscrapers and biggest shopping malls; the longest bridges and largest airport; the most expansive theme parks and gated communities and even the world's largest skateboard park. And by 2020 China's national network of expressways will exceed in length even the American interstate highway system. China's construction industry, employing a workforce equal to the population of California, has been erecting billions of square feet of housing and office space every year. But such extensive development has also meant demolition on a scale unprecedented in the peacetime history of the world. Nearly all of Beijing's centuries-old cityscape has been bulldozed in recent years, and redevelopment in Shanghai has displaced more families than 30 years of urban renewal in the United States. China's cities are also rapidly sprawling across the landscape, churning precious farmland into a landscape of superblock housing estates and single-family subdivisions laced with highways and big-box malls. In a mere generation, China's cities have undergone a metamorphosis that took 150 years to complete in the United States.
The Concrete Dragon: China's Urban Revolution and What it Means for the World sheds light on this extraordinary chapter in world urban history. The book surveys the driving forces behind the great Chinese building boom, traces the historical precedents and global flows of ideas and information that are fusing to create a bold new Chinese cityscape, and considers the social and environmental impacts of China's urban future.
The Concrete Dragon provides a critical overview of contemporary Chinese urbanization in light of both China's past as well as earlier episodes of rapid urban development elsewhere in the world-especially that of the United States, a nation that itself once set global records for the speed and scale of its urban ambitions.
The Concrete Dragon provides a critical overview of contemporary Chinese urbanization in light of both China's past as well as earlier episodes of rapid urban development elsewhere in the world especially that of the United States, a nation that itself once set global records for the speed and scale of its urban ambitions. -- Places Journal, May 2008
If you want to better understand the role China will play in the future, you might want to start with The Concrete Dragon: China's Urban Revolution and What It Means for the World by Thomas J. Campanella. -- Worldchanging.net, July 30, 2008
Just in time for the Beijing Olympics, Thomas J. Campanella tackels what he calles 'the greatest building boom in human history': the creation of whole new cities throughout China, where superhighways, theme parks, and engineering projects light up the night sky. Campanella is an able guide to the dusty haze of China's ever-growing construction sites. -- Dwell, August 1, 2008
One of the most attention-grabbing and thought-provoking books on China I have read in a long time. -- David Frum's National Review, May 11, 2008
a powerful overview of China's huge building boom and its social and environmental consequences. -- The Washington Post, June 22, 2008
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These Proceedings embrace many of the world’s petroleum provinces in a two-volume set. There are sections on Europe, which still provides the heart of the Proceedings; Russia, the former Soviet Union and Circum-Arctic; North Africa and the Middle East; Passive Margins; and Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources.
Contents VOLUME 1
The Technical and Editorial Committee
Preface
Global petroleum systems in space and time
The GeoControversies debates
Virtual fieldtrips for petroleum geoscientists
Colin Oakman core workshop
Session: Europe
Europe overview
Exploration
North Sea hydrocarbon systems: some aspects of our evolving insights into a classic hydrocarbon province
The search for a Carboniferous petroleum system beneath the Central North Sea
Channel structures formed by contour currents and fluid expulsion: significance for Late Neogene development of the central North Sea basin
Source rock quality and maturity and oil types in the NW Danish Central Graben: implications for petroleum prospectivity evaluation in an Upper Jurassic sandstone play area
From thrust-and-fold belt to foreland: hydrocarbon occurrences in Italy
Upper Jurassic reservoir sandstones in the Danish Central Graben: new insights on distribution and depositional environments
Architecture of an Upper Jurassic barrier island sandstone reservoir, Danish Central Graben: implications of a Holocene–Recent analogue from the Wadden Sea
Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Hugin Formation, Quadrant 15, Norwegian sector, South Viking Graben
Reappraisal of the sequence stratigraphy of the Humber Group of the UK Central Graben
The Huntington discoveries: efficient exploration in the UK Central North Sea
The Jasmine discovery, Central North Sea, UKCS
Prospectivity of the T38 sequence in the Northern Judd Basin
Can stratigraphic plays change the petroleum exploration outlook of the Netherlands?
Field Development and Production
Laggan; a mature understanding of an undeveloped discovery, more than 20 years old
Managing the start-up of a fractured oil reservoir: development of the Clair field, West of Shetland
Overcoming multiple uncertainties in a challenging gas development: Chiswick Field UK SNS
The Ensign enigma: improving well deliverability in a tight gas reservoir
Maximizing production and reserves from offshore heavy oil fields using seismic and drilling technology: Alba and Captain Fields, UKNS
Locating the remaining oil in the Nelson Field
The Buzzard Field: anatomy of the reservoir from appraisal to production
The Scott Field: revitalization of a mature field
Predicting production behaviour from deep HPHT Triassic reservoirs and the impact of sedimentary architecture on recovery
Sedimentology and unexpected pressure decline: the HP/HT Kristin Field
An old field in a new landscape: the renaissance of Donan
Techniques in Exploration and Exploitation
A road map for the identification and recovery of by-passed pay
Tilting oil–water contact in the chalk of Tyra Field as interpreted from capillary pressure data
A holostratigraphic approach to the chalk of the North Sea Eldfisk Field, Norway
Role of the Chalk in development of deep overpressure in the Central North Sea
Investigating fault-sealing potential through fault relative seismic volume analysis
4D acquisition and processing: a North Sea case study on the relative contributions to improved 4D repeatability
Applying time-lapse seismic methods to reservoir management and field development planning at South Arne, Danish North Sea
3D seismic mapping and porosity variation of intra-chalk units in the southern Danish North Sea
Seismic imaging of variable water layer sound speed in Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic and implications for seismic surveying in deep water
New aeromagnetic and gravity compilations from Norway and adjacent areas: methods and applications
VOLUME 2
Session: Russia, Former Soviet Union and the Circum-Arctic
Russia, FSU and the Circum-Arctic: ‘the final frontier’
Tectonic history and petroleum geology of the Russian Arctic Shelves: an overview
Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the north and east margins of the Siberian craton north of the Arctic Circle
Synchronous exhumation events around the Arctic including examples from Barents Sea and Alaska North Slope
Offset and curvature of the Novaya Zemlya fold-and-thrust belt, Arctic Russia
Charging the giant gas fields of the NW Siberia basin
Session: North Africa and Middle East
Middle East and North Africa: overview
From Neoproterozoic to Early Cenozoic: exploring the potential of older and deeper hydrocarbon plays across North Africa and the Middle East
Palaeohighs: their influence on the North African Palaeozoic petroleum systems
Stratigraphic trapping potential in the Carboniferous of North Africa: developing new play concepts based on integrated outcrop sedimentology and regional sequence stratigraphy (Morocco, Algeria, Libya)
Integrated petroleum systems and play fairway analysis in a complex Palaeozoic basin: Ghadames–Illizi Basin, North Africa
Biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and thermal maturity of the A1-NC198 exploration well in the Kufra Basin, SE Libya
Exploring subtle exploration plays in the Gulf of Suez
The hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Egyptian North Red Sea basin
A regional overview of the exploration potential of the Middle East: a case study in the application of play fairway risk mapping techniques
Appraisal and development of the Taq Taq field, Kurdistan region, Iraq
Sedimentology, geochemistry and hydrocarbon potential of the Late Cretaceous Shiranish Formation in the Euphrates Graben (Syria)
Session: Passive Margins
Passive margins: overview
Constraints on volcanism, igneous intrusion and stretching on the Rockall–Faroe continental margin
Properties and distribution of lower crustal bodies on the mid-Norwegian margin
The breakup of the South Atlantic Ocean: formation of failed spreading axes and blocks of thinned continental crust in the Santos Basin, Brazil and its consequences for petroleum system development
Structural architecture and nature of the continent–ocean transitional domain at the Camamu and Almada Basins (NE Brazil) within a conjugate margin setting
New compilation of top basement and basement thickness for the Norwegian continental shelf reveals the segmentation of the passive margin system
Some emerging concepts in salt tectonics in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico: intrusive plumes, canopy-margin thrusts, minibasin triggers and allochthonous fragments
Source-to-sink systems on passive margins: theory and practice with an example from the Norwegian continental margin
An integrated study of Permo-Triassic basins along the North Atlantic passive margin: implication for future exploration
Sedimentology, sandstone provenance and palaeodrainage on the eastern Rockall Basin margin: evidence from the Pb isotopic composition of detrital K-feldspar
Cretaceous revisited: exploring the syn-rift play of the Faroe–Shetland Basin
Timing, controls and consequences of compression in the Rockall–Faroe area of the NE Atlantic Margin
Episodic uplift and exhumation along North Atlantic passive margins: implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity
New methods of improving seismic data to aid understanding of passive margin evolution: a series of case histories from offshore west of Ireland
WATS it take to image an oil field subsalt offshore Angola?
Sub-basalt hydrocarbon prospectivity in the Rockall, Faroe–Shetland and Møre basins, NE Atlantic
Intra-basalt units and base of the volcanic succession east of the Faroe Islands exemplified by interpretation of offshore 3D seismic data
Exploring for gas: the future for Angola
Session: Unconventional Hydrocarbons Resources
Unconventional oil and gas resources and the geological storage of carbon dioxide: overview
Bulk composition and phase behaviour of petroleum sourced by the Bakken Formation of the Williston Basin
Shale gas in Europe: a regional overview and current research activities
UK data and analysis for shale gas prospectivity
The Western Canada Foreland Basin: a basin-centred gas system
Tight gas exploration in the Pannonian Basin
Natural fractures in some US shales and their importance for gas production
Athabasca oil sands: reservoir characterization and its impact on thermal and mining opportunities
Resource potential of gas hydrates: recent contributions from international research and development projects
King coal: restoring the monarchy by underground gasification coupled to CCS
Geological storage of carbon dioxide: an emerging opportunity
History-matching flow simulations and time-lapse seismic data from the Sleipner CO2 plume
Differences between flow of injected CO2 and hydrocarbon migration
Preparing for a carbon constrained world; overview of the United States regional carbon sequestration partnerships programme and its Southwest Regional Partnership
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This highly original and sophisticated look at architecture helps us to understand the cultural significance of the buildings that surround us. It avoids the traditional style-spotting approach and instead gives us an idea of what it is about buildings that moves us, and what it is that makes them important artistically and culturally. The book begins by looking at how architecture acquires meaning through tradition, and concludes with the exoticism of the recent avant-garde period. Illustrations of particular buildings help to anchor the general points with specific examples, from ancient Egypt to the present day.
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Author: ISO | Size: 1,31 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: ISO | Year: 2005 | pages: 60
Ergonomics of the thermal
environment — Analytical determination
and interpretation of thermal comfort
using calculation of the PMV and PPD
indices and local thermal comfort criteria
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Gravity load designed (GLD) reinforced concrete (RC) buildings represent a common type of construction in the Mid-America Region. These buildings have limited lateral resistance and are susceptible to story mechanisms during earthquake loading. Fragility estimates are developed to assess the seismic vulnerability of GLD RC buildings in the Mid-America Region. Fragility is defined as the conditional probability of reaching or exceeding a performance level for a given earthquake intensity measure. Five sample buildings of various story heights (1, 2, 3, 6, and 10 stories) are used to represent generic RC frame buildings of 1 to 10 stories tall. A Bayesian methodology is used to develop probabilistic demand models to predict the maximum inter story drift given the spectral acceleration at the fundamental period of the building. The unknown parameters of the demand models are estimated using the simulated response data obtained from nonlinear time history analyses of the structural models for a suite of synthetic ground motions, developed for Memphis, Tennessee. Seismic structural capacity values are selected corresponding to the performance levels or damage states as specified in FEMA-356 and as computed by nonlinear pushover analyses.
For the sample buildings, fragility estimates are developed using the predicted drift demands and structural capacity values. Confidence bounds are developed to represent the epistemic uncertainty inherent in the fragility estimates. In addition, bivariate fragility estimates, formulated as a function of spectral acceleration and the fundamental building period, are developed from the fragility estimates of the individual buildings. The bivariate fragilities can be used to quantify the seismic vulnerability of GLD RC frame buildings of 1 to 10 stories. Using the Bayesian approach, a framework is developed to update the analytical fragility estimates using observed damage data or experimental test data. As an illustration of the updating framework, the analytical bivariate fragility estimates for the sample buildings in the Mid-America Region are updated using the damage data obtained from 1994 Northridge, California earthquake.
Furthermore, to investigate and demonstrate the increase in seismic performance of the GLD RC frame buildings, the columns of the 2 and 3 story buildings are retrofitted by column strengthening. Fragility estimates developed for the retrofitted buildings show the effectiveness of the retrofit technique by the improved seismic performance of GLD RC frame buildings.
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ABSTRACT
Puerto Rico is situated in an earthquake prone region. Most of residential buildings in Puerto Rico are reinforced concrete structures. Because of the imminent risk of being affected by a strong earthquake, it is important to study their damage vulnerability. The lack of local earthquake vulnerability curves for Puerto Rico and the fact that local construction practice differs from that in USA motivates the author to look at the development of reliable fragility curves based on typical buildings properties and selection of ground motions based on local geology characteristics and past worldwide earthquakes scaled to different peak ground acceleration to obtain a wide range of maximum accelerations. This study is directed to low rise and medium rise concrete residential buildings in Puerto Rico. Typical lateral resisting systems, comprising moment frames and structural walls are considered. The analytical models are two-dimensional
and are analyzed using the nonlinear dynamic time history method considering flexural nonlinear behavior for frames and both flexural and shear nonlinear behavior for shear walls.
Algan’s formulation (1982) and HAZUS drift limits were used to calculate the expected damage of the models. Damage to structures is quantified based on the inter-story drift ratio of the
structure. The damage states considered were: Minor, Moderate, Substantial and Major, for Algan and Slight, Moderate, Extensive and Complete for HAZUS. With this information, lognormal functions expressed in the form of two parameters (log-median and log-standard deviation) were fitted and fragility curves developed as a function of PGA. It is common for concrete housing to have resisting elements oriented in only one direction. These structures are evaluated for forces in both directions independently and also taking in account both directions simultaneously. Multistory residential buildings in Puerto Rico commonly have shear walls oriented in both directions. A set of four fragility curves, one for each damage state is developed
for each scenario studied. A total of 13 sets of fragility curves for each method are proposed. Multistory models proved to be the least vulnerable of the structures analyzed. These curves are
useful tools for the insurance companies in Puerto Rico in order to improve their risk assessments.
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This book is intended for a beginner with Elementary Knowledge of Structural mechanics and Fortran Programming. Stiffness and flexibility methods are commonly known as Matrix methods. Of these, the stiffness method using member approach is amenable to Computer Programming and is widely used for structural analysis.
The emphasis in the book is on explaining basic fundamentals of this approach and on developing programs. This is achieved through extremely simple Style of presentation in lucid Language and proceeding in stages from simple to Complex structures. Unified theory with a single complex Program is totally avoided. Instead, each skeletal structure is discussed in a separate chapter with simple, short and transparent program. Theory is presented in matrix notations along with clear mention of scalar Components for proper understanding of the Physical quantities. Illustrative solved examples explain data preparation, data file and interpretation of the results. Alternate possibilities of data preparation are mentioned and used. The information about data generation, skyline storage, variable dimensioning and frontal technique is intentionally presented separately at a later Stage to Help reader in modifying initial simple programs.
The treatment of flexibility and direct stiffness method is limited to introduction of elementary concepts. Transfer matrix method, plastic analysis by stiffness method and sub-structure method are included as additional Topics of interest. A chapter is devoted to present an alternate view of stiffness method as a variational approach. Non-linear structural behaviour and techniques commonly adopted to evaluate non-linear response are discussed. Formulae for displacements in beams and restraining actions are included in Appendices A and B. Appendix C discusses various methods of solution of simultaneous Algebraic equations. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter.
The book will be useful to undergraduate and postgraduate Civil Engineering students and also to those preparing for competitive examinations.
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The purpose of this book is has to bridge the gap between the traditional Geomechanics and Numerical Geotechnical Modelling with applications in science and practice. Geomechanics is rarely taught within the rigorous context of Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, while when it comes to Numerical Modelling, commercially available finite elements or finite differences software utilize constitutive relationships within the rigorous framework. As a result, young scientists and engineers have to learn the challenging subject of constitutive modelling from a program manual and often end up with using unrealistic models which violate the Laws of Thermodynamics. The book is introductory, by no means does it claim any completeness and state of the art in such a dynamically developing field as numerical and constitutive modelling of soils. The author gives basic understanding of conventional continuum mechanics approaches to constitutive modelling, which can serve as a foundation for exploring more advanced theories. A considerable effort has been invested here into the clarity and brevity of the presentation. A special feature of this book is in exploring thermomechanical consistency of all presented constitutive models in a simple and systematic manner.
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