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Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks
A detailed view on the effects of seismic activity on tank structures
As the use of above-ground and underground storage tanks (ASTs and USTs) continues to grow―with approximately 545,000 in the USA alone―the greatest threat to ASTs and USTs is earthquakes, causing the contamination of groundwater, a vital source of drinking water throughout the world. These tanks suffer a great deal of strain during an earthquake, as a complicated pattern of stress affects them, such that poorly designed tanks have leaked, buckled, or even collapsed during seismic events. Furthermore, in oil and gas industrial plants, the risk of damage is even more critical due to the effects of explosion, collapse, and air or soil contamination by chemical fluid spillages.
Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks provides the first in-depth discussion of the principles and applications of shell structure design and earthquake engineering analyses focused on tank structures, and it explains how these methodologies can help prevent the destruction of ASTs and USTs during earthquakes. Providing a thorough examination of the design, analysis, and performance of steel, reinforced concrete, and precast tanks, this book takes a look at tanks that are above-ground, underground, or elevated, anchored and unanchored, and rigid or flexible, and evaluates the efficacy of each method during times of seismic shaking―and it does so without getting bogged down in impenetrable mathematics and theory.
Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks readers will also find:
A global approach to the best analytical and practical solutions available in each region:
discussion of the latest US codes and standards from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ACSE 7), the American Concrete Institute (ACI 350,3, 371.R), the American Water Works Association (AWWA D100, D110, D115), and the American Petroleum Institute (API 650)
an overview of the European codes and standards, including Eurocode 8-4 and CEN-EN 14015
Hundreds of step-by-step equations, accompanied by illustrations
Photographs illustrating real-world damage to tanks caused by seismic events
Perfect for practising structural engineers, geotechnical engineers, civil engineers, and engineers of all kinds who are responsible for the design, analysis, and performance of tanks and their foundations―as well as students studying engineering―Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks is a landmark text, the first work of its kind to deal with the seismic engineering performance of all types of storage tanks.
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This Code was developed by an ANSI-approved consensus process and addresses structural systems, members, and connections, including cast-in-place, precast, nonprestressed, and composite construction. The “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars” (“Code”) provides minimum requirements for the materials, design, and detailing of structural concrete buildings and, where applicable, nonbuilding structures reinforced with GFRP bars that conform to the requirements of ASTM D7957-22. Among the subjects covered are: design and construction for strength, serviceability, and durability; load combinations, load factors, and strength reduction factors; structural analysis methods; deflection limits; development and splicing of reinforcement; construction document information; field inspection and testing; and methods to evaluate the strength of existing structures.
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ACI CODE-440.11-22: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars—Code and Commentary
Publish Date: 2022 Related Links:
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The Engineering Assessment Guidelines (the guidelines) provide a technical basis for engineers to carry out seismic assessments of existing buildings within New Zealand. The guidelines support seismic assessments for a range of purposes, and must be used by territorial authorities to decide whether or not a building is earthquake prone in terms of the Building Act 2004.
Contents
The guidelines provide the assessment component of the earthquake-prone building regulations and EPB methodology that came into force on 1 July 2017. Version 1 of the guidelines must be used for all engineering assessments that territorial authorities use to decide whether or not a building is earthquake prone.
The guidelines provide methods for two levels of assessment. Initial Seismic Assessment (ISA) provides a broad indication of the likely level of seismic performance of a building. In some cases, an ISA will be followed by a more comprehensive Detailed Seismic Assessment (DSA).
Both assessment methods rate a building as a percentage of the new building standard applied to an equivalent new building on the same site. For assessment purposes, new building standard refers to the minimum life safety performance requirements of Building Code clause B1 – Structure.
The guidelines have three distinct parts.
Part A – Assessment objectives and principles
Part A outlines the scope and application, and provides a general overview of the seismic assessment process. It describes the linkage with the relevant requirements of the Building Act 2004, associated regulations and the EPB methodology.
Part B – Initial seismic assessment
Part B describes the Initial Seismic Assessment (ISA). The ISA provides a broad indication of the likely level of seismic performance of a building. In some cases, an ISA will be followed by a Detailed Seismic Assessment.
Part C – Detailed seismic assessment
Part C describes the Detailed Seismic Assessment (DSA). The DSA provides a more comprehensive assessment than an ISA.
Part C is published in ten independent sections. Sections C1 to C4 collectively build on Part A and are to be used in conjunction with guidance for specific materials in Sections C5 to C10.
Section C1 provides an overview to the DSA process. It explains the objectives and sets out key steps for an assessment at this level, including specific guidance on the calculation of an earthquake score in the context of a DSA.
Section C2 sets out a DSA procedure. It specifies general analysis requirements including basic assumptions, selection of seismic analysis procedures, and the consideration of structural weaknesses.
Section C3 explains how to determine the earthquake hazard and loading requirements used to assess the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) demand that relates the building capacity to the standard required for a new building.
Section C4 provides guidance for considering geotechnical behaviour and its impact on the seismic behaviour and earthquake rating of existing buildings. This section includes guidance on the recommended interactions between structural engineers and geotechnical engineers and their particular roles and responsibilities.
Sections C5 to C9 provide assessment methods for the specific construction materials of existing buildings:
C5 – Concrete buildings
C6 – Structural steel buildings
C7 – Moment resisting frames with infill panels
C8 – Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings
C9 – Timber buildings
Section C10 gives specific recommendations for assessing Secondary Structural and Non-Structural (SSNS) building elements. The guidance in this section allows these elements to be rated either independently or in conjunction with an overall building assessment.
Templates
The Initial Evaluation Procedure (IEP) assessment template [ZIP 2.6MB] (note: this is a maco-enabled spreadsheet supplied in a ZIP file) provides working versions of tables IEP-1 to IEP-5.
The assessment summary report is used to summarise the key points from initial seismic assessments (Part B) and detailed seismic assessments (Part C) and must be included at the front of all engineering assessments for earthquake-prone buildings purposes.
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To develop and test methodologies to improve predictions of inundation hydrodynamics and loading in developed (urban) regions for both storm wave and tsunami inundation, as aligned with the National Windstorm Impact Reduction Program and the Structural Performance under Multi-Hazard Program.
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This is the first edition of CSA Z245.17, Cold bends.
This Standard covers the requirements for factory-made steel cold bends intended to be used for transporting fluids as specified in CSA Z662.
As of this edition, induction bends and cold bends have been removed from CSA Z245.11, Steel fittings, and are now covered in CSA Z245.16 and Z245.17, respectively.
CSA Group acknowledges that the development of this Standard was made possible, in part, by the valuable dedication of Maros Tropp and the financial support of ATCO Ltd., Benpro Technologies Corp., British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission, Enbridge Inc., FortisBC Energy Inc., TC Energy Corp., and Tectubi Raccordi S.p.A. (Allied Fitting).
This Standard was prepared by the Subcommittee on Materials, under the jurisdiction of the Technical Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Pipeline Systems and Materials, and the Strategic Steering Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Systems, and has been formally approved by the Technical Committee.
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Title of paper: Critical Buckling Loads for Tapered Columns
Authors: James M. Gere , M.ASCE and Winfred O. Carter
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