Structural behaviour of residual soils of the continually wet Highlands of Papua New Guinea
Author: K. B. Wallace
Source: Géotechnique, Volume 23, Issue 2, 01 June 1973 , pages 203 –218
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(1) This European Standard applies to concrete for structures cast in situ, precast structures, and structural precast products for buildings and civil engineering structures.
(2) The concrete under this European Standard can be:
normal-weight, heavy-weight and light-weight;
mixed on site, ready-mixed or produced in a plant for precast concrete products; compacted or self-compacting to retain no appreciable amount of entrapped air other than entrained air.
(3) This standard specifies requirements for:
the constituents of concrete;
the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and their verification;
the limitations for concrete composition;
the specification of concrete;
the delivery of fresh concrete;
the production control procedures;
the conformity criteria and evaluation of conformity.
(4) Other European Standards for specific products e.g. precast products or for processes within the field of the scope of this standard may require or permit deviations.
(5) Additional or different requirements may be given for specific applications in other European Standards, for example:
concrete to be used in roads and other trafficked areas (e.g. concrete pavements according to EN 13877–1);
special technologies (e.g. sprayed concrete according to EN 14487).
(6) Supplementing requirements or different testing procedures may be specified for specific types of concrete and applications, for example:
concrete for massive structures (e.g. dams);
dry mixed concrete;
concrete with a Dmax of 4 mm or less (mortar);
self-compacting concretes (SCC) containing lightweight or heavy-weight aggregates or fibres;
concrete with open structure (e. g. pervious concrete for drainage).
(7) This standard does not apply to:
aerated concrete;
foamed concrete;
concrete with density less than 800 kg/m3;
refractory concrete.
(8) This standard does not cover health and safety requirements for the protection of workers during production and delivery of concrete.
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Precast reinforced and prestressed concrete frames provide a high strength, stable, durable and robust solution for any multi-storey structure, and are widely regarded as a high quality, economic and architecturally versatile technology for the construction of multi-storey buildings. The resulting buildings satisfy a wide range of commercial and industrial needs. Precast concrete buildings behave in a different way to those where the concrete is cast in-situ, with the components subject to different forces and movements. These factors are explored in detail in the second edition of Multi-Storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures, providing a detailed understanding of the procedures involved in precast structural design. This new edition has been fully updated to reflect recent developments, and includes many structural calculations based on EUROCODE standards. These are shown in parallel with similar calculations based on British Standards to ensure the designer is fully aware of the differences required in designing to EUROCODE standards.
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Vibro-compaction and vibro-stone columns are the two dynamic methods of soil improvement most commonly used worldwide. These methods have been developed over seventy years and are now in a position of unrivalled importance amongst modern foundation measures. The first works on granular soil by densification, and the second is used to displace and reinforce fine grained and cohesive soils by introducing inert material.
This practical guide for professional geotechnical engineers outlines the development of vibratory deep compaction, describes the equipment used, sets out the methods and techniques and provides state of the art design principles and quality control procedures. It also identifies the practical limitations of the methods. Case studies from South East Asia and the Middle East are used to illustrate the methods and to demonstrate how they apply in real world conditions. The book concludes with some variations of the basic methods, evaluates the economic and environmental benefits of the methods and gives contractual guidance.
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Federal Highway Administration DesignManual: Deep Mixing for Embankmentand Foundation Support
The deep mixing method (DMM) is an in situ soil treatment in which native soils or fills are blended with cementitious and/or other materials, typically referred to as binders. Compared to native soils or fills, the soil-binder composite material that is created has enhanced engineering properties such as increased strength, lower permeability, and reduced compressibility. The treated soil properties obtained by DMM reflect the characteristics of the native soil, binder characteristics, construction variables, operational parameters, curing time, and loading conditions.
The purpose of this report is to provide user-oriented DMM design and construction guidelines for the support of embankments and typical transportation-oriented foundations. The use of DMM for liquefaction mitigation and excavation support is also discussed in general terms, since these applications are often associated with DMM projects for embankments and foundations. The embankment and foundation applications addressed in this manual include embankment support (both new embankments and embankment widening), culvert support through an embankment founded on DMM, bridge abutment support, retaining wall foundations, and bridge pier support
This manual includes guidelines required for U.S. transportation engineers to plan, design, construct, and monitor deep mixing projects for embankment and foundation support. Information includes background on the use of DMM for transportation projects in the United States; a glossary of commonly used terminology and nomenclature; a description of applications, feasibility, and flow of design and construction for DMM projects; site investigation and characterization considerations; ranges of treated soil properties and a procedure for determining treated soil strengths for design; recommended design procedures for embankment and foundation applications and a design example; a description of contract procurement vehicles and recommendations; guidance for developing plans and specifications for contract documents; guidance for developing bench-scale testing and full-scale field testing programs; a description of means, methods, and materials for DMM; an overview of available and recommended quality control/quality assurance procedures and monitoring techniques; and typical costs and methods for estimating costs of DMM projects for comparison with alternative technologies.
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Reflecting the historic first European seismic code, this professional book focuses on seismic design, assessment and retrofitting of concrete buildings, with thorough reference to, and application of, EN-Eurocode 8. Following the publication of EN-Eurocode 8 in 2004-05, 30 countries are now introducing this European standard for seismic design, for application in parallel with existing national standards (till March 2010) and exclusively after that. Eurocode 8 is also expected to influence standards in countries outside Europe, or at the least, to be applied there for important facilities. Owing to the increasing awareness of the threat posed by existing buildings substandard and deficient buildings and the lack of national or international standards for assessment and retrofitting, its impact in that field is expected to be major.
Written by the lead person in the development of the EN-Eurocode 8, the present handbook explains the principles and rationale of seismic design according to modern codes and provides thorough guidance for the conceptual seismic design of concrete buildings and their foundations. It examines the experimental behaviour of concrete members under cyclic loading and modelling for design and analysis purposes; it develops the essentials of linear or nonlinear seismic analysis for the purposes of design, assessment and retrofitting (especially using Eurocode 8); and gives detailed guidance for modelling concrete buildings at the member and at the system level. Moreover, readers gain access to overviews of provisions of Eurocode 8, plus an understanding for them on the basis of the simple models of the element behaviour presented in the book.
Also examined are the modern trends in performance- and displacement-based seismic assessment of existing buildings, comparing the relevant provisions of Eurocode 8 with those of new US prestandards, and details of the most common and popular seismic retrofitting techniques for concrete buildings and guidance for retrofitting strategies at the system level. Comprehensive walk-through examples of detailed design elucidate the application of Eurocode 8 to common situations in practical design. Examples and case studies of seismic assessment and retrofitting of a few real buildings are also presented.
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