Groundwater Geochemistry (A Practical Guide to Modeling of Natural and Contaminated Aquatic Systems)
Groundwater Geochemistry (A Practical Guide to Modeling of Natural and Contaminated Aquatic Systems)
Broder J. Merkel (Author), Britta Planer-Friedrich (Author)
Darrell K. Nordstrom (Editor)
Edition: Second
Pages: 230 (PDF)
Publisher: Springer (2008)
ISBN: 9783540746676
e-ISBN: 9783540746683
Numerical groundwater flow, transport, and geochemical models are important tools besides classical deterministic and analytical approaches. Solving complex linear or non-linear systems of equations, commonly with hundreds of unknown parameters, is a routine task for a PC. Modeling hydrogeochemical processes requires a detailed and accurate water analysis, as well as thermodynamic and kinetic data as input. Thermodynamic data, such as complex formation constants and solubility-products, are often provided as databases within the respective programs. However, the description of surface-controlled reactions (sorption, cation exchange, surface complexation) and kinetically controlled reactions requires additional input data.
Hydrogeochemical models depend on the quality of the chemical analysis, the boundary conditions presumed by the program, theoretical concepts (e.g. calculation of activity coefficients) and the thermodynamic data. Therefore it is vital to check the results critically. For that, a basic knowledge about chemical and thermodynamic processes is required and will be outlined briefly in the following chapters on hydrogeochemical equilibrium (chapter 1.1), kinetics (chapter 1.2), and transport (chapter 1.3). Chapter 2 gives an overview on standard hydrogeochemical programs, problems and possible sources of error for modeling, and a detailed introduction to run the program PHREEQC, which is used in this book. With the help of examples, practical modeling applications are addressed and specialized theoretical knowledge is extended. Chapter 4 presents the results for the exercises of chapter 3.
This book does not aim to replace a textbook but rather attempts to be a practical guide for beginners at modeling.
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Design recommendations for multi-storey and underground car parks (2002) (3rd edition)
Publisher: Institution of Structural Engineers.
Ref. Number 343. A4, 86 pages, 80 illustrations. June 2002. ISBN 0 901297 23 2.
This report is intended for use by structural engineers who have an appreciation of the design process for buildings, and offers additional design guidance specific to car park design and construction. The scope primarily relates to multi-storey car parks above and below ground, for access and use by the public. The report has sought to retain those parts of the previous two editions published in 1975 and 1984 that were found to be of significant value and are still current, while updating other areas in the light of recent developments, design feedback and advice from operators, as well as to reflect current and likely future expectations of facilities in public car parks. Although the recommendations are intended for structural engineers, some sections will be relevant to other construction professionals and car park owners/operators. The form and order of the report has been established to relate to key areas of design considerations in increasing detail. The three main stages are:
Agreement of the design scope and the considerations necessary for general car park layout design and planning
Structural considerations and issues related to the development of the structural form, framing and use of space
Design details and specific measures that can be used to enhance durability
The report is not intended as a stand-alone document and complements and deliberately refers to current standards and codes of practice in the UK without repeating the details they contain. The guidance seeks to suggest good practice and clarify interpretation of commonly used reference standards. It also illustrates areas of special concern in car park design where these differ significantly from the normal practice set out in building and construction codes. The guidance principles are intended to be applicable worldwide. The report recognises that local, regional and national variations to design requirements exist and it recommends that these should be confirmed in developing the design basis. Use of these recommendations will assist with the creation of safe, durable and successful car park structures that provide long term good value and performance for both the developer and the public user alike.
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Groundwater (Resource Evaluation, Augmentation, Contamination, Restoration, Modeling and Management)
Groundwater
(Resource Evaluation, Augmentation, Contamination, Restoration, Modeling and Management)
Edited by: M. Thangarajan
Publishers: Springer (2007)
Pages: 362 (PDF)
ISBN 9781402057281 (HB)
ISBN 9781402057298 (e-book)
The demand for water resources is increasing day by day due to ever increasing population, mostly from developing countries. This has resulted in abstracting more water from the subsurface stratum and forcing the water managers to manage the limited groundwater resources in a more scientific way, which in turn needs a more sophisticated way of assessing the underground resource and manage it optimally. There is an urgent need to locate high yielding oreholes in the hard rock region by using geophysical methods. Electrical imaging technique in conjunction with remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) technique has proved to be a potential tool for the purpose.
Hydrodynamics of fractured aquifer system in hard rock region is not yet fully understood. The understanding of the groundwater pollution migration in porous and fractured aquifer system and the seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer has to be improved further. Various aspects of groundwater modeling and in particular issues related to model calibration, validation and prediction has to be understood in much better way. One should integrate all the above issues for effective understanding of the assessment and management of groundwater resources.
Groundwater management needs assessment, which in turn needs a model. A model needs a set of mathematical equations to describe the system. The equations have to be solved through a set of characteristic parameters, initial and boundary conditions of the aquifer system, which in turn have to be obtained through field investigations. Field investigations need a set of procedures, which in turn needs guidelines to carry out field investigations. This book may provide the needed guidelines and answers for all the above.
The aim of the book is to provide theoretical background on the application of remote sensing and GIS techniques in the delineation of subsurface resources as described in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 discusses the principles of electrical resistivity and imaging (tomography) techniques in the identification of potential boreholes in hard rock region. Principles of pumping test analysis and interpretation of data to evolve aquifer parameters transmissivity ‘T’ and storativity ‘S’ through numerical technique have been brought out in Chapter 3. Basic principles and the application of theory of regionalized variables (Geostatistics-Kriging) for the interpolation of sparse hydro-geological data and its estimation error have been stressed in Chapter 4. Augmentation of groundwater resources through aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) along with the quality problem due to reaction of rocks and injection fluid is dealt in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 deals with the environmental problem. The sources and the process of fluoride and arsenic contamination have been brought out clearly in this article. Chapter 7 deals with the characterization of fracture properties in hard rock areas through hydrogeological investigation at different scales. Amethodology was evolved to delineate the vertical distribution of conductivefracture zones and their permeability through flowmeter vertical profiles during fluid injection and evolving the spatial distribution of permeability by making use of slug test data. The above methodology was tested in Maheswaram watershed, a hard rock region in Andhra Pradesh (India). Groundwater flow and mass transport modeling play a major role in the assessment and management of groundwater resources. Modeling principles and various types of models, which are in vogue for various applications are presented in Chapter 8. An exclusive chapter on the model calibration and issues related to validation, sensitivity analysis, post-audit, uncertainty evaluation and assessment of prediction data needs is also presented.
Groundwater development and management of coastal and island aquifers through field investigations and mathematical modeling is brought out in Chapter 10. Basic principles of SUTRA (USGS) finite element model are also highlighted. The management of groundwater resources through community participation approach and some aspects of remedial
measures of contaminated aquifer may provide some insight to the groundwater professionals, which form the Chapter 11.
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This is the second edition of the Institution’s guide on expert evidence. It has been substantially revised to take into account the Civil Procedure Rules that came into effect on 26 April 1999 and that now govern civil litigation in England and Wales.
The Civil Procedure Rules supersede the majority of the previous procedural rules.
They radically change the rules governing experts and expert evidence by requiring a more restrictive and proportionate approach.
This guide gives an overview of the principal rules of the Civil Procedure Rules, relating to experts and their evidence.
It also covers the nature of legal proceedings, the specific role and responsibilities of an expert, and the functions that they are required to perform.
The guide describes the difference between the expert who is given leave by the court to give expert evidence to the court and the expert adviser, who assists his client with technical advice.
The two roles are very different but often overlap.
This guide will be of benefit to structural engineers and their clients.
The guidance in this report is strictly applicable only in England and Wales, but it contains much useful information applicable in other jurisdictions.
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Design and construction of deep basements including cut-and-cover structures (2004)
Publisher: Institution of Structural Engineers.
Ref. Number 343. A4, 86 pages, 80 illustrations. June 2002. ISBN 0 901297 23 2
The purpose of this comprehensive report is to draw attention to the key aspects of the design and construction of deep basements and to provide some examples of case histories and construction methods.
The design and construction of a deep basement is an exercise in ground-structure interaction.
It requires all the traditional skills of the engineer including: reliance on observation and measurement; an understanding of both geotechnical and construction materials; an appreciation of the effects of groundwater and seepage; the development of appropriate conceptual and analytical models; and above all, judgement based on knowledge of case histories and construction methods.
Perhaps the overall message must be that, in a subject as complex and wide-ranging as this, there can be no short cut to an in-depth understanding of the many specialist aspects.
An overall conceptual understanding, however, can and must be developed; this report will assist in achieving this.
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Introduction to Hydrology
by Warren Viessman, Jr. and Gary L Lewis
Fourth Edition
Publisher: Prentice Hall Inc., USA
Language: English
ISBN-10: 067399337X
ISBN-13: 978-0673993373
Hardcover: 612 pages (PDF)
Water scientists and engineers of tomorrow must be equipped to address a diversity of issues such as the diesign and operation of data retrieval and storage systesm; forecasting; developing alternative water use futures; estimating water requirements for natural systems; exploring the impacts of climate change; developing more efficient systems for applying water in all water-using sectors; and analyzing and designing water managemtn systems incorporating technical, economic, environmental, social, legal and political elements. A knowledge of hydrologic princiiples is a requisite for dealing with all those issues.
This fourth edition (Introduction to Hydrology) has been designed to meet the contemporary needs of water scientists and engineers.This book is organized to accomodate students and practitioners who are concerned with the development, management and protection of water resources. The format of the book follows that of its predecessor, providing material for both an introductory and a more advanced course.
Parts 1 through 4 provide the basics for a beginning level course, while Parts 5 and 6 may be used for a more advanced course on hydrologyic modeling. This fourth edition has been updated throughout, and many solved examples have been added. In addition, new computer approaches have been introduced and problem solving techniques include the use of spreadsheets as appropriate. New features of each chapter include an introductory statement of contents and at the conclusion of the chapter, a summary of key points.
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