Author(s)/Editor(s): John K. Vennard | Size: 13 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Scanner | Publisher: J. Wiley & sons, inc. Chapman & Hall, limited | Year: 1940 | pages: 368 | ISBN: 9781446547816
Fluid mechanics is the study under all possible conditions of rest and motion. Its approaches analytical, rational, and mathematical rather than empirical it concerns itself with those basic principles which lead to the solution of numerous diversified problems, and it seeks results which are widely applicable to similar fluid situations and not limited to isolated special cases. Fluid mechanics recognizes no arbitrary boundaries between fields of engineering knowledge but attempts to solve all fluid problems, irrespective of their occurrence or of the characteristics of the fluids involved. This textbook is intended primarily for the beginner who knows the principles of mathematics and mechanics but has had no previous experience with fluid phenomena. The abilities of the average beginner and the tremendous scope of fluid mechanics appear to be in conflict, and the former obviously determine limits beyond which it is not feasible to go these practical limits represent the boundaries of the subject which I have chosen to call elementary fluid mechanics. The apparent conflict between scope of subject and beginner f s ability is only along mathematical lines, however, and the physical ideas of fluid mechanics are well within the reach of the beginner in the field. Holding to the belief that physical concepts are the sine qua non of mechanics, I have sacrificed mathematical rigor and detail in developing physical pictures and in many cases have stated general laws only without numerous exceptions and limitations in order to convey basic ideas such oversimplification is necessary in introducing a new subject to the beginner. Like other courses in mechanics, fluid mechanics must include disciplinary features as well as factual information the beginner must follow theoretical developments, develop imagination in visualizing physical phenomena, and be forced to think his way through problems of theory and application. The text attempts to attain these objectives in the following ways omission of subsidiary conclusions is designed to encourage the student to come to some conclusions by himself application of bare principles to specific problems should develop ingenuity illustrative problems are included to assist in overcoming numerical difficulties and many numerical problems for the student to solve are intended not only to develop ingenuity but to show practical applications as well. Presentation of the subject begins with a discussion of fundamentals, physical properties and fluid statics. Frictionless flow is then discussed to bring out the applications of the principles of conservation of mass and energy, and of impulse-momentum law, to fluid motion. The principles of similarity and dimensional analysis are next taken up so that these principles may be used as tools in later developments. Frictional processes are discussed in a semi-quantitative fashion, and the text proceeds to pipe and open-channel flow. A chapter is devoted to the principles and apparatus for fluid measurements, and the text ends with an elementary treatment of flow about immersed objects.
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Extended Finite Element Method provides an introduction to the extended finite element method (XFEM), a novel computational method which has been proposed to solve complex crack propagation problems. The book helps readers understand the method and make effective use of the XFEM code and software plugins now available to model and simulate these complex problems.
The book explores the governing equation behind XFEM, including level set method and enrichment shape function. The authors outline a new XFEM algorithm based on the continuum-based shell and consider numerous practical problems, including planar discontinuities, arbitrary crack propagation in shells and dynamic response in 3D composite materials.
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Energy Methods of Structural Analysis: Theory, worked examples and problems
Author(s)/Editor(s): B.A. Young | Size: 9 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Scanner | Publisher: Palgrave HE UK | Year: 1981 | pages: 176 | ISBN: 0333277767 / 978-0333277768
A wide variety of different methods of structural analysis exist although many of them are designed for the solution of particular types of problem. Two procedures, however, are generally applicable; these are the method of virtual work and energy methods. In essence, the two methods are equivalent since, although the arguments used in establishing the governing equations differ, the equations themselves are identical.
In the author's experience, students studying virtual work find some difficulty in coming to terms with the idea of hypothetical forces or deformations whereas they quickly grasp the more obvious physical interpretations of the energy approach. One additional advantage that energy methods have over virtual work is their application to the approximate solution of complex problems for which exact solutions may not exist.
Energy methods have not received the consideration they deserve in the literature and it is for this reason that this book has been written. The few acceptable textbooks which treat the subject are at a level which is not easily accessible to undergraduates. It is a matter of regret that most undergraduate textbooks which do deal with energy methods generally reveal a hazy understanding of the principles and fail to take full advantage of their potential.
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This book is the first to cover the engineering aspects of severe plastic deformation (SPD) technology used to refine grain structure in metallic materials. The fundamentals of both the well-known and novel SPD processes are explained and the engineering know-how required for successful implementation of these processes revealed. The principles of each SPD technique are explained and insight provided into the mechanics of material deformation and microstructural changes. The equipment used for SPD processing is described including machines and tools.
The book covers the most popular SPD process of equal channel angular pressing, ECAP and its incremental version, I-ECAP. A separate chapter is devoted to tooling used in ECAP/I-ECAP. Another popular SPD process is high pressure torsion (HPT), which produces very good results in terms of refining grain structure but faces some technical challenges. A less known SPD process is cyclic extrusion compression (CEC), which is thoroughly explained as is twist extrusion (TE) which is a relatively new process that is showing good potential. Finally, an original SPD process of accumulated roll bonding (ARB), capable of refining grain structure in sheets, is discussed.
The book is intended for students and researchers working in the field of refining grain structure of metals by SPD. By explaining the engineering aspects of SPD, it enables the best SPD process to be chosen for a given application thus avoiding time-consuming and wasteful trials. It also encourages metal forming researchers and material scientists to work together in order to improve existing and develop new SPD processes. Finally, this book is also for industrial engineers, who will ultimately be using the SPD technology for mass production of metals with refined grain structure and improved properties.
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This book is therefore written to fulfill two main objectives. First, to introduce the modern matrix methods gradually from an early stage and in a simple manner. Second, to remove duplication by omitting topics that are out of use so that those currently practiced are covered thoroughly.
This volume treats simple structures and covers the course given in the first two years of undergraduate study.
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Handbook of Green Building Design and Construction: LEED, BREEAM, and Green Globes, Second Edition directly addresses the needs of building professionals interested in the evolving principles, strategies, and concepts of green/sustainable design. Written in an easy to understand style, the book is updated to reflect new standards to LEED. In addition, readers will find sections that cover the new standards to BREEAM that involve new construction Infrastructure, data centers, warehouses, and existing buildings.
Key Features
-Provides vital information and penetrating insights into three of the top Green Building Codes and Standards applied Internationally
-Includes the latest updates for complying with LEED v4 Practices and BREEAM
-Presents case studies that draws on over 35 years of personal experience from across the world
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Author(s)/Editor(s): J. P. Moitinho de Almeida, Edward A. Maunder | Size: 9 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Wiley | Year: 2017 | pages: 296 | ISBN: 1118424158 / 978-1118424155
A comprehensive treatment of the theory and practice of equilibrium finite element analysis in the context of solid and structural mechanics
Equilibrium Finite Element Formulations is an up to date exposition on hybrid equilibrium finite elements, which are based on the direct approximation of the stress fields. The focus is on their derivation and on the advantages that strong forms of equilibrium can have, either when used independently or together with the more conventional displacement based elements. These elements solve two important problems of concern to computational structural mechanics: a rational basis for error estimation, which leads to bounds on quantities of interest that are vital for verification of the output and provision of outputs immediately useful to the engineer for structural design and assessment.
Key features:
-Unique in its coverage of equilibrium – an essential reference work for those seeking solutions that are strongly equilibrated. The approach is not widely known, and should be of benefit to structural design and assessment.
-Thorough explanations of the formulations for: 2D and 3D continua, thick and thin bending of plates and potential problems; covering mainly linear aspects of behaviour, but also with some excursions into non-linearity.
-Highly relevant to the verification of numerical solutions, the basis for obtaining bounds of the errors is explained in detail.
-Simple illustrative examples are given, together with their physical interpretations.
-The most relevant issues regarding the computational implementation of this approach are presented.
When strong equilibrium and finite elements are to be combined, the book is a must-have reference for postgraduate students, researchers in software development or numerical analysis, and industrial practitioners who want to keep up to date with progress in simulation tools.
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Author(s)/Editor(s): Jože Korelc, Peter Wriggers | Size: 16 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Springer International Publishing | Year: 2016 | pages: 346 | ISBN: 978-3-319-39003-1
New finite elements are needed as well in research as in industry environments for thedevelopment of virtual prediction techniques. The design and implementation of novel finiteelements for specific purposes is a tedious and time consuming task, especially for nonlinearformulations. The automation of this process can help to speed up this processconsiderably since the generation of the final computer code can be accelerated by order ofseveral magnitudes.This book provides the reader with the required knowledge needed to employ modernautomatic tools like AceGen within solid mechanics in a successful way. It covers the rangefrom the theoretical background, algorithmic treatments to many different applications. Thebook is written for advanced students in the engineering field and for researchers ineducational and industrial environments.
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This collection of papers is a state of the art presentation of theories and methods related to the problem of the behaviour of mechanical structures under variable loads beyond their elastic limit In particular, the problems of shakedown, ratchetting, transient and asymptotic cyclic states are addressed. The volume is composed of four chapters devoted to material modelling for cyclic loading conditions; general theory of accommodated states of structures; effects of changes of the geometry on the inelastic structural response; and numerical techniques with applications to particular engineering problems. It was aimed to provide a unified approach in order to understand both inelastic material and structural response under variable loading conditions. The attempt to extend the classical shakedown theory of Melan and Koiter to geometrically non-linear problems is presented in several papers. The industrial application of cyclic plasticity to the analysis and the design of pressure bellows, compensators, turbine disks, or flange connections under thermal and pressure cycles illustrates the great potential of the numerical techniques developed for this purpose using mostly min-max approaches. The treatment of railway problems and the analysis and optimisation of pavements are further examples of important areas of applications. Emphasis was laid on approaches that take into account the fact that loading histories are often not precisely known Therefore, the center of interest lies in other than step by step calculation methods.
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The design of tall buildings and complex structures involves challenging activities, including: scheme design, modelling, structural analysis and detailed design. This book provides structural designers with a systematic approach to anticipate and solve issues for tall buildings and complex structures.
This book begins with a clear and rigorous exposition of theories behind designing tall buildings. After this is an explanation of basic issues encountered in the design process. This is followed by chapters concerning the design and analysis of tall building with different lateral stability systems, such as MRF, shear wall, core, outrigger, bracing, tube system, diagrid system and mega frame. The final three chapters explain the design principles and analysis methods for complex and special structures. With this book, researchers and designers will find a valuable reference on topics such as tall building systems, structure with complex geometry, Tensegrity structures, membrane structures and offshore structures.
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