This guide presents general procedures for evaluation of concrete structures before rehabilitation. Among the subjects covered are: preliminary investigation, detailed investigation, documentation, field observation and condition survey, sampling and material testing, evaluation, and final report. Evaluation to identify seismic deficiencies is beyond the scope of this report.
Keywords: concrete; condition survey, deterioration; distress; evaluation, investigation, rehabilitation; sampling; testing.
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Rigid Pavement (Indonesia & AASHTO) Worksheets
First is Using SNI Code
Second is using AASHTO but ESAL Calculation Using Indonesian PUSTRAN & Bina MArga
SNI
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- Foundation Design [not included] - Analysis Files Not Available [not included]
Pipe Rack Structural Steel Design
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Standards, Design and References
[1] STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA, DOCUMENT
[2] INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BUILDING OFFICIALS (ICBO), “UNIFORM BUILDING CODE” (UBC)–1997
[2-A] AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE), ASCE 7-88 “MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS FOR BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES” (FORMERLY ANSI A58.1)
[2-B] AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AISC), “SPECIFICATION FOR DESIGN, FABRICATION AND ERECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES, 1989 (9TH EDITION), ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN”
[3] WIND LOAD AND ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN FOR PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIES, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE) PUBLICATION, ISBN 0-7844-0262-0
[4] GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIES, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE) 1997
Design Method
THE ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) METHOD IS USED FOR THE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES AS PER [2-B] AND RELATED MANUAL OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION.
Vertical and Lateral Deflection Limitations
• ALLOWABLE VERTICAL DEFLECTION:
Δ(DEAD+LIVE) = L / 300
ΔLIVE = L / 300
• ALLOWABLE LATERAL DEFLECTION DUE TO WIND
ΔWIND = HEIGHT / 240
Site and Environmental Data
Description LOCATION: 25 KM FROM LAMERD CITY AT FARS PROVINCE IN SOUTH OF IRAN ELEVATION: 411 METERS ABOVE THE SEA LEVEL AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: MAX SHADE +49 °C MAX SUN +88 °C MIN ABSOLUTE -1°C RELATIVE HUMIDITY: MAX 92% AT 22 °C MIN 46% AT 47 °C WIND:
WIND SPEED 100 mph (162 km/hr)
EXPOSURE C
CATEGORY III
Iw = 1.15
PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION IS N.W. TO S.E. SEISMIC:
ZONE 4
Z = 0.4
Na = 1.0
Nv = 1.0
CATEGORY III
I = 1.25
Ip = 1.50
RY = 5.6, RX = 4.5 AS APPLICABLE
Ωo= 2.8 SOIL PROFILE AS PER Geotechnical Report
“Zone A” SOIL PROFILE CLASS Sd
“Zone B” SOIL PROFILE CLASS Sd
“Zone C” SOIL PROFILE CLASS Sc or Sd, USE Sd SNOW 0 kPa
FROST PENETRATION 1 m , as per REPORT
RAIN MAX CUM. ANNUAL = 0.392 m
MAX ONE DAY = 0.067 m FOUNDATION DATUM U/S COLUMN VARIES. REFER TO FOUNDATION LAYOUT PLAN.
SOIL ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE FOR 3 m WIDE FOOTING, REFER TO REPORT.
FOR ZONE B = 100 kPa
Framing System
• PIPE RACKS SUPPORT FOUR LEVELS OF PIPING, PLATFORMS AND CABLE TRAYS.
• ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES WITH FIXED-BASE IN TRANSVERSE DIRECTION. FRAMES CONSIST OF TWO 6 m SPAN.
• COMBINATION OF ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES AND PARTIALLY BRACED FRAMES TO RESIST HIGH TRANSVERSE LOAD FROM PIPING GUIDES.
• ORDINARY BRACED FRAME IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION WITH “X” OR “k” BRACES. THESE BRACED FRAMES WILL BE RESISTING ALL LONGITUDINAL SEISMIC AND THERMAL LOADS.
• TO MITIGATE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS EXPANSION JOINTS ARE PROVIDED EVERY ± 60 m.
• ALL THE CONNECTIONS ARE BOLTED.
• ADDITIONAL HORIZONTAL BRACINGS ARE PROVIDED AS REQUIRED AT PIPE ANCHOR LOCATIONS.
• THE BASE PLATE ELEVATION DIFFERS ALONG THE PIPE RACKS. ALL MODELS ARE BASED
ON LOWEST GROUND ELEVATION AT HPFG EL. OF +426.000 OR U/S COLUMN EL. OF +426.250 m.
• THE FLARE LINE ELEVATION SLOPES 0.2% FROM SOUTH TO NORTH.
Structural Materials
• MILD STEEL (E = 205000 MPa) GRADE ST 37 IN ACCORDANCE WITH DIN 1025, 1050 AND 17100 SPECIFICATIONS WITH A MINIMUM YIELD STRESS OF FY = 2400 kg/cm2 = 235.4 MPa (34 ksi) OR APPROVED EQUIVALENT.
• ENGINEERING DRAWINGS SHOW EURO NORM SECTIONS.
• HEXAGONAL BOLTS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM A-325 AND NUTS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM A-563 SPECIFICATIONS OR APPROVED EQUIVALENT FOR HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEEL BOLTED CONNECTIONS.
• WASHERS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM F436-93 SPECIFICATIONS OR APPROVED EQUIVALENT.
• WELDING ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING SHALL CONFORM TO THE “SPECIFICATIONS FOR MILD STEEL COVERED ARC-WELDING ELECTRODES”, AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, AWS A5.1, OR APPROVED EQUIVALENT.
• BARE ELECTRODES AND GRANULAR FLUX USED IN THE SUBMERGED-ARC PROCESS SHALL CONFORM TO F60 AND/OR F70 AND TO “SPECIFICATION FOR BARE MILD STEEL ELECTRODES AND FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED ARC-WELDING, AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, AWS A5.17”.
Software
• FOR MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES, CSC SOFTEK LTD. “S-FRAME” IS USED.
• FOR DESIGN OF STEEL MEMBERS, CSC SOFTEK LTD. “S-STEEL” IS USED.
• FOR ENGINEERING CALCULATION CSC SOFTEK LTD. “TEDDS” IS USED.
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Piping Contents
FOR PIPES SMALLER THAN 12.75” (324 mm) IN DIAMETER USE UNIFORM LOAD AS:
ON BEAM, UNIFORM LOAD = 1.20 kPa × 6 m (FRAME SPACING) = 7.2 kN/m
FOR PIPES LARGER THAN 12.75” (324 mm) IN DIAMETER USE POINT LOADS.
NATURAL GAS WEIGHT IS CONSIDERED INSIGNIFICANT.
Cable Trays
SINGLE CABLE TRAY LOAD = 150 kg/m = 1.47 kN/m
CABLE TRAY WIDTH = 0.900 m
THERE ARE 2 LEVELS OF TRAYS.
FRAME SPACING = 6.00 m
SINGLE LAYER CABLE TRAY UNIFORM LOAD (WHERE APPLICABLE)
= 1.47 kN/m / 0.900 m × 6.00 m = 9.80 kN/m => TAKE 10.00 kN/m
DOUBLE LAYER CABLE TRAY UNIFORM LOAD = 20.00 kN/m
Size: 12.8 MB | Format:PDF
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Author: Jean-Pierre Adam | Size: 43.8 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Taylor & Francis e-Library | Year: 2005 | pages: 735 | ISBN: 0-203-98436-6
Product Description:
Roman architecture is extraordinarily rich, both in terms of the techniques and materials used and in the variety of buildings constructed, many of which are still visible today.
Now in paperback, Roman Buildings places emphasis on the technical aspects of that architecture, following the process of building through each stage, from quarry to standing wall, from tree to roof timbers. The author examines the different techniques involved in building in brick and in stone and wood, and how these materials were obtained or manufactured. He also discusses interior decoration and looks at the practical aspects of water supply, heating and roads. Each type of building required special tools and these are described, using both surviving examples and modern parallels.
The Romans constructed many spectacular feats of engineering, producing magnificent monuments such as the Pantheon and Pont du Gard. This book looks at these large-scale public buildings but also at more modest homes and shops. The result is a thorough and systematic examination of Roman building, with over 750 illustrations, including the author's own drawings. Roman Buildings contains a foreword by Professor Michael Fulford.
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Author: Alexander Chajes | Size: 16,2 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Prentice Hall College Div | Year: March 1974 | pages: 288 pages | ISBN: 0137099649
This is an introductory book on the subject of structural stability. Its aim is to provide a detailed treatment of the buckling characteristics of various structural elements and to present the different analytical methods used in the solution of stability problems.
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Author: J. R. Davis (Editor), Asm International Handbook Committee (Corporate Author) | Size: 23 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: CRC Press | Year: 1998 | pages: 1535 | ISBN: 978-0871706546
The Metals Handbook Desk Edition is intended to serve as a comprehensive single-volume reference source on the properties, selection, processing, testing, and characterization of metals and their alloys. Although the information presented in this Volume is drawn principally from the 20 volumes of the ASM Handbook series, it should not be considered simply an abridged version of the larger work. Instead, the Metals Handbook Desk Edition draws upon the complete arsenal of ASM products--both print and electronic--as well as other key sources of information originating from other publications, company literature, technical societies, and government agencies.
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Professor of Civil Engineering, Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith School of Engineering
Director, Internationalisation and Professional Liaison, Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology Group
Research Expertise
Prof. Loo's principal research interests lie in the areas of Concrete Structures, Bridge Engineering, Computational Mechanics, Construction Materials and Design Code Development. He has authored and co-authored four books and has signed a contract for the fifth; published two edited conference proceedings and over 200 refereed journal and conference papers.
Personal research grants received to date from competitive sources including the Australian Research Council total over AUD1.4 million mainly in the area of Concrete Structures, Bridge Management System, and Pavement Technology and Management.
Also received grants from the Australian Department of Education, Science and Training under the University Mobility in the Asia Pacific (UMAP) Scheme. These amounted to more than AUD210,000 for the nine consecutive years to 2007/8 covering nine destination countries & region viz Thailand, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.
He has served in the UK, Malaysia, Thailand and Australia as a consultant to various engineering consultants and government authorities on bridge engineering, civil engineering and building projects worth well over AUD200M (in 2009 value).
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