Calculation of Power Spectra from Response Spectra
# Author(s): Dieter D. Pfaffinger, M.ASCE, (Partner, Dr. Pfaffinger & Dr. Walden AG, Karl-Stauffer-Str. 9, Zurich, Switzerland)
# Publisher: Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 109, No. 1, January/February 1983, pp. 357-372
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Seismic Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Columns
M. J. Nigel Priestley, Ravindra Verma, and Yan Xiao
ASCE J. Struct. Engrg. Volume 120, Issue 8, pp. 2310-2329 (August 1994)
Methods of resisting hydrostatic uplift in substructures
by I. H. Wong
Mitic Associates, 95 Cashew Road #03-03, Singapore 679666, Singapore
Received 5 March 2001;
revised 8 May 2001;
accepted 10 May 2001.
Available online 13 August 2001.
Abstract:
Many underground structures are constructed for use as car parks and shops in basements of buildings and as mass rapid transit stations, depressed roadways and civil defense shelters in cities located in coastal areas where the ground is level and the elevations are low, with an attendant high groundwater table. This paper discusses the various methods of resisting hydrostatic uplift. These include the use of tension piles and the installation of a water pressure relief system under the base slab of the basement. A case history in Singapore employing a pressure relief system below a three-level basement is presented.
1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of flotation caused by hydraulic uplift
3. Conventional methods to resist uplift
3.1. Toeing in of base slab into surrounding ground
3.2. Increasing dead weight of structure
3.3. Ground anchors
3.4. Tension piles
4. Design of tension piles
5. Methods to reduce or eliminate uplift
6. Design of under-drain system
6.1. Operating costs
7. Effects of dewatering on adjacent ground and structures
8. Case history Raffles City
8.1. Site conditions
8.2. Performance of under-drain system
9. Beneficial effects of pressure relief system for waterproofing of basement
10. Conclusions
References
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This guide outlines methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in all types of structures and
components. Although emphasis is placed on welded fabrications in ferritic and austenitic steels and
aluminium alloys, the procedures developed can be used for analysing flaws in structures made from other
metallic materials and in non-welded components or structures. The methods described can be applied at
the design, fabrication and operational phases of a structure’s life.
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Author: John Knight and W.P. Jones | Size: 2.5 MB | Format:PDF | Year: 2004 | pages: 424 | ISBN: 0750657855
Building Services Pocket Book is a unique compendium of essential data, techniques and procedures, best practice, and underpinning knowledge. This makes it an essential tool for engineers involved in the design and day-to-day running of mechanical services in buildings, and a valuable reference for managers, students and engineers in related fields.
This pocket reference gives the reader access to the knowledge and knowhow of the team of professional engineers who wrote the sixteen chapters that cover all aspects of mechanical building services. Topic coverage includes heating systems, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration, fans, ductwork, pipework and plumbing, drainage, and fire protection. The result is a comprehensive guide covering the selection of HVAC systems, and the design process from initial drafts through to implementation.
The second edition builds on the success of this popular guide with references to UK and EU legislation fully updated throughout, and coverage fully in line with the latest CIBSE guides.
* The essential toolkit for design engineers, maintenance engineers and students
* Fully updated edition complies with latest UK and EU legislation
* Key mechanical building services data and procedures in one handy volume
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Smart technologies comprise a dynamic new interdisciplinary research field that encompasses a wide spectrum of engineering applications including, but not limited to, intelligent structures and materials, actuators, sensors and structural observability, control systems and software tools for the design of adaptive structures. Smart technologies focus on the issues surrounding the safety and integrity of engineering systems.
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Clear and accessible, Analysing Architecture opens a fresh way to understanding architecture. It offers a unique ‘notebook’ of architectural strategies to present an engaging introduction to elements and concepts in architectural design. Beautifully illustrated throughout with the author’s original drawings, examples are drawn from across the world and many periods of architectural history (from prehistoric times to the recent past) to illustrate analytical themes and to show how drawing can be used to study architecture. Since its first edition appeared in 1997, Analysing Architecture has established itself internationally as one of the key texts in architectural education.
This third edition includes a new section discussing the ways analyzing examples cultivates a capacity for design. Original chapters have been expanded, new case studies added, and the format rearranged for additional clarity. The bibliography of recommended supplementary reading has also been extended.
In Analysing Architecture, Simon Unwin clearly identifies the key elements of architecture and conceptual themes apparent in buildings and relevant to other works of architecture such as gardens and cities. He describes ideas for use in the active process of design. Breaking down the grammar of architecture into themes and ‘moves’, Unwin exposes its underlying patterns to reveal the organizational strategies that lie beneath the superficial appearances of buildings.
Exploring buildings as results of the interaction of people with the world around them, Analysing Architecture offers a definition of architecture as ‘identification of place’ and provides a greater understanding of architecture as a creative discipline. This book presents a powerful impetus for readers to develop their own capacities for architectural design. It will also be of use to all those with an interest in the human occupation of and involvement with space – anthropologists, archaeologists, film-makers, installation artists, planners, urban designers, politicians.
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This guide presents general procedures for evaluation of concrete structures before rehabilitation. Among the subjects covered are: preliminary investigation, detailed investigation, documentation, field observation and condition survey, sampling and material testing, evaluation, and final report. Evaluation to identify seismic deficiencies is beyond the scope of this report.
Keywords: concrete; condition survey, deterioration; distress; evaluation, investigation, rehabilitation; sampling; testing.
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Rigid Pavement (Indonesia & AASHTO) Worksheets
First is Using SNI Code
Second is using AASHTO but ESAL Calculation Using Indonesian PUSTRAN & Bina MArga
SNI
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Moderator Note:
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- Foundation Design [not included] - Analysis Files Not Available [not included]
Pipe Rack Structural Steel Design
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Standards, Design and References
[1] STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA, DOCUMENT
[2] INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BUILDING OFFICIALS (ICBO), “UNIFORM BUILDING CODE” (UBC)–1997
[2-A] AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE), ASCE 7-88 “MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS FOR BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES” (FORMERLY ANSI A58.1)
[2-B] AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AISC), “SPECIFICATION FOR DESIGN, FABRICATION AND ERECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES, 1989 (9TH EDITION), ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN”
[3] WIND LOAD AND ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN FOR PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIES, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE) PUBLICATION, ISBN 0-7844-0262-0
[4] GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIES, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE) 1997
Design Method
THE ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) METHOD IS USED FOR THE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES AS PER [2-B] AND RELATED MANUAL OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION.
Vertical and Lateral Deflection Limitations
• ALLOWABLE VERTICAL DEFLECTION:
Δ(DEAD+LIVE) = L / 300
ΔLIVE = L / 300
• ALLOWABLE LATERAL DEFLECTION DUE TO WIND
ΔWIND = HEIGHT / 240
Site and Environmental Data
Description LOCATION: 25 KM FROM LAMERD CITY AT FARS PROVINCE IN SOUTH OF IRAN ELEVATION: 411 METERS ABOVE THE SEA LEVEL AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: MAX SHADE +49 °C MAX SUN +88 °C MIN ABSOLUTE -1°C RELATIVE HUMIDITY: MAX 92% AT 22 °C MIN 46% AT 47 °C WIND:
WIND SPEED 100 mph (162 km/hr)
EXPOSURE C
CATEGORY III
Iw = 1.15
PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION IS N.W. TO S.E. SEISMIC:
ZONE 4
Z = 0.4
Na = 1.0
Nv = 1.0
CATEGORY III
I = 1.25
Ip = 1.50
RY = 5.6, RX = 4.5 AS APPLICABLE
Ωo= 2.8 SOIL PROFILE AS PER Geotechnical Report
“Zone A” SOIL PROFILE CLASS Sd
“Zone B” SOIL PROFILE CLASS Sd
“Zone C” SOIL PROFILE CLASS Sc or Sd, USE Sd SNOW 0 kPa
FROST PENETRATION 1 m , as per REPORT
RAIN MAX CUM. ANNUAL = 0.392 m
MAX ONE DAY = 0.067 m FOUNDATION DATUM U/S COLUMN VARIES. REFER TO FOUNDATION LAYOUT PLAN.
SOIL ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE FOR 3 m WIDE FOOTING, REFER TO REPORT.
FOR ZONE B = 100 kPa
Framing System
• PIPE RACKS SUPPORT FOUR LEVELS OF PIPING, PLATFORMS AND CABLE TRAYS.
• ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES WITH FIXED-BASE IN TRANSVERSE DIRECTION. FRAMES CONSIST OF TWO 6 m SPAN.
• COMBINATION OF ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES AND PARTIALLY BRACED FRAMES TO RESIST HIGH TRANSVERSE LOAD FROM PIPING GUIDES.
• ORDINARY BRACED FRAME IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION WITH “X” OR “k” BRACES. THESE BRACED FRAMES WILL BE RESISTING ALL LONGITUDINAL SEISMIC AND THERMAL LOADS.
• TO MITIGATE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS EXPANSION JOINTS ARE PROVIDED EVERY ± 60 m.
• ALL THE CONNECTIONS ARE BOLTED.
• ADDITIONAL HORIZONTAL BRACINGS ARE PROVIDED AS REQUIRED AT PIPE ANCHOR LOCATIONS.
• THE BASE PLATE ELEVATION DIFFERS ALONG THE PIPE RACKS. ALL MODELS ARE BASED
ON LOWEST GROUND ELEVATION AT HPFG EL. OF +426.000 OR U/S COLUMN EL. OF +426.250 m.
• THE FLARE LINE ELEVATION SLOPES 0.2% FROM SOUTH TO NORTH.
Structural Materials
• MILD STEEL (E = 205000 MPa) GRADE ST 37 IN ACCORDANCE WITH DIN 1025, 1050 AND 17100 SPECIFICATIONS WITH A MINIMUM YIELD STRESS OF FY = 2400 kg/cm2 = 235.4 MPa (34 ksi) OR APPROVED EQUIVALENT.
• ENGINEERING DRAWINGS SHOW EURO NORM SECTIONS.
• HEXAGONAL BOLTS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM A-325 AND NUTS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM A-563 SPECIFICATIONS OR APPROVED EQUIVALENT FOR HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEEL BOLTED CONNECTIONS.
• WASHERS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM F436-93 SPECIFICATIONS OR APPROVED EQUIVALENT.
• WELDING ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING SHALL CONFORM TO THE “SPECIFICATIONS FOR MILD STEEL COVERED ARC-WELDING ELECTRODES”, AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, AWS A5.1, OR APPROVED EQUIVALENT.
• BARE ELECTRODES AND GRANULAR FLUX USED IN THE SUBMERGED-ARC PROCESS SHALL CONFORM TO F60 AND/OR F70 AND TO “SPECIFICATION FOR BARE MILD STEEL ELECTRODES AND FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED ARC-WELDING, AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, AWS A5.17”.
Software
• FOR MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES, CSC SOFTEK LTD. “S-FRAME” IS USED.
• FOR DESIGN OF STEEL MEMBERS, CSC SOFTEK LTD. “S-STEEL” IS USED.
• FOR ENGINEERING CALCULATION CSC SOFTEK LTD. “TEDDS” IS USED.
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Piping Contents
FOR PIPES SMALLER THAN 12.75” (324 mm) IN DIAMETER USE UNIFORM LOAD AS:
ON BEAM, UNIFORM LOAD = 1.20 kPa × 6 m (FRAME SPACING) = 7.2 kN/m
FOR PIPES LARGER THAN 12.75” (324 mm) IN DIAMETER USE POINT LOADS.
NATURAL GAS WEIGHT IS CONSIDERED INSIGNIFICANT.
Cable Trays
SINGLE CABLE TRAY LOAD = 150 kg/m = 1.47 kN/m
CABLE TRAY WIDTH = 0.900 m
THERE ARE 2 LEVELS OF TRAYS.
FRAME SPACING = 6.00 m
SINGLE LAYER CABLE TRAY UNIFORM LOAD (WHERE APPLICABLE)
= 1.47 kN/m / 0.900 m × 6.00 m = 9.80 kN/m => TAKE 10.00 kN/m
DOUBLE LAYER CABLE TRAY UNIFORM LOAD = 20.00 kN/m
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