The Encyclopedia of Earth Science is intended to provide a broad view of some of the most important subjects in the field of earth sciences. The topics covered in the encyclopedia include longer entries on the many broad sub disciplines in the earth sciences (hydrology, structural geology, petrology, isotope geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, atmospheric sciences, climate, and oceanography), along with entries on concepts, theories and hypotheses, places, events, the major periods of geological time, history, people who have made significant contributions to the field, technology and instruments, organizations, and other subjects.
The Encyclopedia of Earth Science is intended to be a reference for high school and college students, teachers and professors, scientists, librarians, journalists, general readers, and specialists looking for information outside their specialty. The encyclopedia is extensively illustrated with photographs and other illustrations including line art, graphs, and tables, and contains 19 special essays on topics of interest to society. The work is extensively cross-referenced and indexed to facilitate locating topics of interest.
Entries in the Encyclopedia of Earth Science are based on extensive research and review of the scientific literature, ranging from the general science to very specialized fields. Most of the entries include important scientific references and sources listed as βFurther Readingβ at the end of each section, and the entries are extensively cross-referenced with related entries. Some parts of the encyclopedia draw from my collected field notes, class notes, and files of scientific reprints about selected topics and regions, and I have tried to provide uniformly detailed coverage of most topics at a similar level. Some of the more lengthy entries, however, go into deeper levels on topics considered to be of great importance.
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An introduction into the FEM theory and
hands-on computer applications.
by
Luis A. Prieto Ph.D., P.E.
Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The finite element method (FEM) is a powerful numerical solution of a wide range of
engineering problems, such as the deformation and stress analysis of aircraft, automotive, buildings,
bridges and dam structures to field analysis of heat flux, fluid flow, magnetic flux, seepage, and other
flow problems.
With the advances in computer technology and CAD systems, complex problems can be
modeled with relative ease, and several alternative configurations can be tried out on a computer before
the first prototype is built.
In this method of analysis, a complex region defining a continuum is discretized into simple
geometric shapes called finite elements. The material properties and the governing relationships are
considered over these elements and expressed in terms of unknown values at element corners. An
assembly process, duly considering the loading and constraints, results in a set of equations. Solution of
these equations gives us the approximate behavior of the continuum.
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Amazon.com user review:
9 of 10 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars Best Book on Prestressed Concrete, September 1, 2007
By
Civil Prof (California) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design: Fundamentals (Hardcover)
This is the long awaited second edition to his 1st edition from 1982. It's not as clean and concise as his first edition, but it is now the best book on prestressed concrete on the market. It is accurate and thorough. It covers the theory, more rigorous approaches to analysis and design, and simplified methods which are more code based. It covers prestressed concrete design per ACI and AASHTO codes. One downside is that it's long since it covers each topic from multiple angles and becomes a bit difficult to find the information you're looking for. A second downside is that is only covers through the 2002 ACI building code.
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Please excuse the coffee or tea on some pages, high quality scan
Seismic Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Columns
M. J. Nigel Priestley, Ravindra Verma, and Yan Xiao
ASCE J. Struct. Engrg. Volume 120, Issue 8, pp. 2310-2329 (August 1994)
Methods of resisting hydrostatic uplift in substructures
by I. H. Wong
Mitic Associates, 95 Cashew Road #03-03, Singapore 679666, Singapore
Received 5 March 2001;
revised 8 May 2001;
accepted 10 May 2001.
Available online 13 August 2001.
Abstract:
Many underground structures are constructed for use as car parks and shops in basements of buildings and as mass rapid transit stations, depressed roadways and civil defense shelters in cities located in coastal areas where the ground is level and the elevations are low, with an attendant high groundwater table. This paper discusses the various methods of resisting hydrostatic uplift. These include the use of tension piles and the installation of a water pressure relief system under the base slab of the basement. A case history in Singapore employing a pressure relief system below a three-level basement is presented.
1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of flotation caused by hydraulic uplift
3. Conventional methods to resist uplift
3.1. Toeing in of base slab into surrounding ground
3.2. Increasing dead weight of structure
3.3. Ground anchors
3.4. Tension piles
4. Design of tension piles
5. Methods to reduce or eliminate uplift
6. Design of under-drain system
6.1. Operating costs
7. Effects of dewatering on adjacent ground and structures
8. Case history Raffles City
8.1. Site conditions
8.2. Performance of under-drain system
9. Beneficial effects of pressure relief system for waterproofing of basement
10. Conclusions
References
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This guide outlines methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in all types of structures and
components. Although emphasis is placed on welded fabrications in ferritic and austenitic steels and
aluminium alloys, the procedures developed can be used for analysing flaws in structures made from other
metallic materials and in non-welded components or structures. The methods described can be applied at
the design, fabrication and operational phases of a structureβs life.
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