Column Shortening in Tall Structures
by Mark Fintel, S.K. Ghosh, and Hal Iyengar
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This year 2010, ACEE with its theme “Disaster Risk Reduction and Capacity Building for Safer Environments”, will cover a wide variety of topics related to Earthquake Engineering. ACEE 2010 will provide an excellent forum to bring together researchers, professionals, engineers, scientists and academicians to promote and exchange new ideas and experiences in the broad fields of seismology, earthquake engineering, seismic risk and disaster mitigation. ACEE-2010 will prove to be a truly international event with the participants, keynote speakers and attendees coming from all parts of Asia and the world to brainstorm, share expertise and collaborate in areas of mutual interests.
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Best Material related to Progressive Collapse and Blast resistant design
With increasing risk of structures under terrorist attacks, it is becoming imperative for some buildings to be designed safe against not only blasts but also the progressive collapse which occurs as a consequence of such activities. These four books are extremely useful material for such designs as they accompany most of the design code requirements for such designs.
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By Dr. Carlos Estuardo Ventura
Professor of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of British Columbia
Pp that analize about Offshore Maule Chile,
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By: A.K. Sharma
Hardcover: 197 Pages
ISBN: 8171419682
Published by: Discovery Publishing House
First Published: 2005
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This publication is aimed at providing both civil and structural design engineers with a greater knowledge of concrete behaviour. This will enable the optimal use of the material aspects of concrete to be utilised in design. Guidance relates to the use of concrete properties for design to Eurocode 2 and the corresponding UK National Annex.
In the design of concrete structures, engineers have the flexibility to specify particular concrete type(s) to meet the specific performance requirements for the project. For instance where calculated defl ections exceed serviceability limits, the designer can achieve lower defl ections by increasing the class of concrete and the associated modulus of elasticity, rather than by resizing members. This publication will assist in designing concrete structures taylor-made for particular applications.
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This report is one of a series produced as output from PARTNER, a project funded by the European Community under the “Competitive and Sustainable Growth“ programme.
The overall objective of this project is to provide the basis for a unified test procedure for evaluating the alkali reactivity of aggregates across the different European economic and geological regions. It will enable CEN TC-154, Aggregates, to fulfil the requirements of the Aggregates Mandate, M125, which identifies durability against alkalis as a necessary performance characteristic in the specification of aggregates for concrete (EN 12620) to meet the Essential Requirements of the CPD for Strength and Safety. The project will achieve this by:
• Evaluating the tests developed by RILEM, and some regional tests, for their suitability for use with the wide variety of aggregate and geological types found across Europe.
• Calibrating the results of these accelerated tests against behaviour in concrete in real structures and in field sites.
• Producing an “atlas” of the geology and petrography of European aggregates.
• Educating European petrographers and testing organisations in the effective use of these methods.
• Making recommendations, based on the above work, to CEN for suitable CEN methods of test and specifications to ensure durability against alkalis.
The project has 24 Partners from 14 countries, covering most of Europe, from Iceland to Greece.
SUMMARY
As part of the PARTNER project, a State-of-the-art study regarding Alkali Aggregate Reactions (AAR) has been carried out. This topic has been studied for at least 60 years, and many proceedings, books and articles have been written.. Therefore, the purpose of this report is not to write another educational book regarding AAR. The task is, however, to give an updated description of the mechanisms of AAR that can influence the results from the different test methods used in the PARTNER project. Thus, this report mainly focuses on the different key parameters influencing AAR. Evaluation of any structural effects (i.e. effects depending on structure type, dimensions, reinforcement, etc.) is not included in the report.
The ultimate challenge when testing for AAR in a laboratory is to provide quick, reliable results regarding the reactivity of certain types of aggregate, or even more important assessment of specific concrete job mixes (i.e. performance testing). The results are required to mirror the durability behaviour in real structures designed for life time for up to 100 years.
As discussed in the report, many parameters will influence the alkali aggregate reactivity. Some of the parameters will only influence the reactivity in the laboratory, while others will have an overall contribution, both in the laboratory and in real structures. The following key parameters are discussed in the report in relation to AAR:
• Temperature
• Humidity, moisture and degree of saturation
• Content of alkalis
• Role of calcium hydroxide (CH)
• Types and content of reactive rock types
• Aggregate particle size / grading
• Size of test prisms
• Air entrainment, paste porosity and water/cement ratio
• Storage conditions - leaching
The authors have not made any attempt of ranking the influence of the different parameters, because the influence of any changes in a parameter may vary a lot dependent of the situation, both when performing a laboratory test and in a real concrete structure. However, the experience has shown that
in particular any variations in the humidity and/or the alkali content (due to leaching) in the test specimens lead to incorrect results. It is also very important to bear in mind the influence of the different parameters when performing a performance test that should reflect how a given concrete mix will behave in a real concrete structure for a long service life.
Annex A includes a description of the existing national standards and demands for the European countries.
The work was initiated in the beginning of the PARTNER project. However, results from recent research within this project are not included in this report.
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