This publication is aimed at providing both civil and structural design engineers with a greater knowledge of concrete behaviour. This will enable the optimal use of the material aspects of concrete to be utilised in design. Guidance relates to the use of concrete properties for design to Eurocode 2 and the corresponding UK National Annex.
In the design of concrete structures, engineers have the flexibility to specify particular concrete type(s) to meet the specific performance requirements for the project. For instance where calculated defl ections exceed serviceability limits, the designer can achieve lower defl ections by increasing the class of concrete and the associated modulus of elasticity, rather than by resizing members. This publication will assist in designing concrete structures taylor-made for particular applications.
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This report is one of a series produced as output from PARTNER, a project funded by the European Community under the “Competitive and Sustainable Growth“ programme.
The overall objective of this project is to provide the basis for a unified test procedure for evaluating the alkali reactivity of aggregates across the different European economic and geological regions. It will enable CEN TC-154, Aggregates, to fulfil the requirements of the Aggregates Mandate, M125, which identifies durability against alkalis as a necessary performance characteristic in the specification of aggregates for concrete (EN 12620) to meet the Essential Requirements of the CPD for Strength and Safety. The project will achieve this by:
• Evaluating the tests developed by RILEM, and some regional tests, for their suitability for use with the wide variety of aggregate and geological types found across Europe.
• Calibrating the results of these accelerated tests against behaviour in concrete in real structures and in field sites.
• Producing an “atlas” of the geology and petrography of European aggregates.
• Educating European petrographers and testing organisations in the effective use of these methods.
• Making recommendations, based on the above work, to CEN for suitable CEN methods of test and specifications to ensure durability against alkalis.
The project has 24 Partners from 14 countries, covering most of Europe, from Iceland to Greece.
SUMMARY
As part of the PARTNER project, a State-of-the-art study regarding Alkali Aggregate Reactions (AAR) has been carried out. This topic has been studied for at least 60 years, and many proceedings, books and articles have been written.. Therefore, the purpose of this report is not to write another educational book regarding AAR. The task is, however, to give an updated description of the mechanisms of AAR that can influence the results from the different test methods used in the PARTNER project. Thus, this report mainly focuses on the different key parameters influencing AAR. Evaluation of any structural effects (i.e. effects depending on structure type, dimensions, reinforcement, etc.) is not included in the report.
The ultimate challenge when testing for AAR in a laboratory is to provide quick, reliable results regarding the reactivity of certain types of aggregate, or even more important assessment of specific concrete job mixes (i.e. performance testing). The results are required to mirror the durability behaviour in real structures designed for life time for up to 100 years.
As discussed in the report, many parameters will influence the alkali aggregate reactivity. Some of the parameters will only influence the reactivity in the laboratory, while others will have an overall contribution, both in the laboratory and in real structures. The following key parameters are discussed in the report in relation to AAR:
• Temperature
• Humidity, moisture and degree of saturation
• Content of alkalis
• Role of calcium hydroxide (CH)
• Types and content of reactive rock types
• Aggregate particle size / grading
• Size of test prisms
• Air entrainment, paste porosity and water/cement ratio
• Storage conditions - leaching
The authors have not made any attempt of ranking the influence of the different parameters, because the influence of any changes in a parameter may vary a lot dependent of the situation, both when performing a laboratory test and in a real concrete structure. However, the experience has shown that
in particular any variations in the humidity and/or the alkali content (due to leaching) in the test specimens lead to incorrect results. It is also very important to bear in mind the influence of the different parameters when performing a performance test that should reflect how a given concrete mix will behave in a real concrete structure for a long service life.
Annex A includes a description of the existing national standards and demands for the European countries.
The work was initiated in the beginning of the PARTNER project. However, results from recent research within this project are not included in this report.
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Six-minute solutions for civil PE exam geotechnical problems
Author: Bruce A. Wolle | Size: 4,65 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Professional Publications, 2004 | Year: 2004 | pages: 86 | ISBN: 1591260108
Contains 100 multiple-choice practice problems (20 for the morning module and 80 for the afternoon module) for the geotechnical topic on the civil PE exam. Each problem is written to be solved in six minutes-the average amount of time examinees will have on the exam. Solutions are included.
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Author: Raymond F. Wegman, Thomas R. Tullos | Size: 9.5 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Noyes Publications | Year: 1992 | pages: 231 | ISBN: 9780815512936
Provides repair methods for adhesive bonded and composite structures, identifies suitable materials and equipment for repairs, describes damage evaluation criteria and techniques, and methods of inspection before and after repair.
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Metallic Materials compares and contrasts the corrosion resistance of wrought stainless steel and high nickel alloys and explores recent advances in the production of exotic metals. It emphasizes the physical and mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, workability and cost of various metals. The author analyzes the physical and mechanical properties of metals, defines relevant terminology, describes the various forms of corrosion to which metals may be susceptible, examines wrought ferrous metals, alloys, and typical applications, and covers wrought nickel and high nickel alloys. This is a handy reference for the busy engineer and student in corrosion, materials, chemical, mechanical, civil, design, process, metallurgical, manufacturing, and industrial engineering.
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Metal Failures gives engineers the intellectual tools and practical understanding needed to analyze failures from a structural point of view. Its proven methods of examination and analysis enable investigators to:
* Reach correct, fact-based conclusions on the causes of metal failures
* Present and defend these conclusions before highly critical bodies
* Suggest design improvements that may prevent future failures
Analytical methods presented include stress analysis, fracture mechanics, fatigue analysis, corrosion science, and nondestructive testing. Numerous case studies illustrate the application of basic principles of metallurgy and failure analysis to a wide variety of real-world situations. Readers learn how to investigate and analyze failures that involve:
* Alloys and coatings
* Brittle and ductile fractures
* Thermal and residual stresses
* Creep and fatigue
* Corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking
This useful professional reference is also an excellent learning tool for senior-level students in mechanical, materials, and civil engineering.
Summary: Dr. Michael Stevenson
Rating: 5
This text provides perhaps the most concise and authoritative resource for the field of Metallurgical Failure Analysis that I have read. Rather than apporaching failures from a cookbook perspective, that is only linking cause to failure through single case histories, this author presents the fundamental concepts of the discipline and suplements them with appropriate examples.After reading the book, I am considering using it a text to a course that previously could only be approached with personal course notes. This is the most comprehensive and fundamentally organized book I have read in years. Well worth twice the price.
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From Charpy to Present Impact Testing contains 52 peer-reviewed papers selected from those presented at the Charpy Centenary Conference held in Poitiers, France, 2-5 October 2001.
The name of Charpy remains associated with impact testing on notched specimens. At a time when many steam engines exploded, engineers were preoccupied with studying the resistance of steels to impact loading.
The Charpy test has provided invaluable indications on the impact properties of materials. It revealed the brittle ductile transition of ferritic steels.
The Charpy test is able to provide more quantitative results by instrumenting the striker, which allows the evolution of the applied load during the impact to be determined. The Charpy test is of great importance to evaluate the embrittlement of steels by irradiation in nuclear reactors. Progress in computer programming has allowed for a computer model of the test to be developed; a difficult task in view of its dynamic, three dimensional, adiabatic nature. Together with precise observations of the processes of fracture, this opens the possibility of transferring quantitatively the results of Charpy tests to real components. This test has also been extended to materials other than steels, and is also frequently used to test polymeric materials.
Thus the Charpy test is a tool of great importance and is still at the root of a number of investigations; this is the reason why it was felt that the centenary of the Charpy test had to be celebrated. The Socit Fran§aise de Mtallurgie et de Matriaux decided to organise an international conference which was put under the auspices of the European Society for the Integrity of Structures (ESIS).
This Charpy Centenary Conference (CCC 2001) was held in Poitiers, at Futuroscope in October 2001. More than 150 participants from 17 countries took part in the discussions and about one hundred presentations were given. An exhibition of equipment showed, not only present day testing machines, but also one of the first Charpy pendulums, brought all the way from Imperial College in London.
From Charpy to Present Impact Testing puts together a number of significant contributions. They are classified into 6 headings:
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This book is an overview of ESIS Technical Committee 4's activities since the mid-1980s. A wide range of tests is described and the numerous authors is a reflection of the wide and enthusiastic support we have had.
With the establishment of the Technical Committee 4, two major areas were identified as appropriate for the activity. Firstly there was an urgent need for standard, fracture mechanics based, test methods to be designed for polymers and composites. A good deal of academic work had been done, but the usefulness to industry was limited by the lack of agreed standards. Secondly there was a perceived need to explore the use of such data in the design of plastic parts. Some modest efforts were made in early meetings to explore this, but little progress was made. In contrast things moved along briskly in the standards work and this has dominated the activity for the last fourteen years. The design issue remains a future goal.
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Product Description:
Modifiers have been used to improve the performance of asphalt/aggregate mixtures for building roads for over the past hundred years and during that time the industry has evolved into a sophisticated sector that is heavily regulated by national and European standards.
The modifiers used take many different forms: polymers, latex, and many chemical additives. Determining how modifiers actually affect the performance of a mixture and establishing construction quality control procedures for these modifiers can be extremely difficult. In the past these difficulties have caused many specifying agencies to avoid the use of mixture modifiers when they could be of benefit to the performance of the road.
This review explores the type of polymers used in asphalt, why they are used, where they are used in terms of applications and the benefits they offer to industry and the road user. In particular, the reader will understand how polymers can be used to enhance the functionality of asphalt, that is to overcome deterioration mechanisms by enhancing asphalt stiffnessorflexibility,orby making it more resistant to deformation (rutting) caused by traffic.
This review of polymers in asphalt is supported by an indexed section containing several hundred key references and abstracts selected from the Polymer Library. It is aimed at anyone who has an interest in polymers and their highway applications.
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