Corrosion of reinforced concrete structures has been a significant problem for many state and transportation agencies since the application of deicing salts was introduced. Much research has been conducted to develop corrosion protection systems that can prolong the life span of reinforced concrete structures. CDOT has several routine and experimental measures to prevent corrosion of the rebar including epoxy-coated rebar, calcium nitrite admixture, organic corrosion inhibitors, a thick cover of quality concrete, and a waterproofing membrane covered by an asphalt overlay.
An extensive literature review was performed to collect information on various corrosion protection systems that have been used in the U.S. and around the world. Current CDOT practices in terms of corrosion protection measures were reviewed. A draft inspection plan for Colorado’s bridge structures was proposed. This plan could be further refined in the future to evaluate the performance of routine measures and experimental measures for corrosion protection. Field inspections were conducted for two sets of bridges (total of 16 bridges). One set is for evaluating the corrosion damage in some bridges in the TREX project (a major ongoing highway project in the Denver area), and the other set is for the inspection of various corrosion protection systems that have been used in Colorado. The seven TREX bridges inspected in this project used three corrosion protection methods: epoxy-coated rebar, asphalt overlay, and membranes. Corrosion of steel and corrosion-induced damage in concrete occurred in all bridges except the Dry Creek Bridge, which is relatively new. The degree of corrosion is quite high. Nine other bridges with different corrosion protection systems were inspected to study the effectiveness of these protection methods.
Based on the inspection results, we can conclude that, in general, corrosion of steel bars in concrete is an existing problem for highway bridges in Colorado. The extent of the problem is quite significant. Among the three most commonly used protection systems (epoxy-coated rebar, corrosion inhibitors, and membranes), the results obtained in the present study are inconclusive for determining which system is better.
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Concrete pavements are in widespread use throughout the world but have been little used for roads in New Zealand. Historically, New Zealand engineers have been constrained to use the cheapest first cost options in developing the national road network in a sparsely populated country and this has discouraged the adoption of concrete.
The New Zealand road network has matured. Traffic densities and hence pavement costs have grown considerably. Economic efficiency in pavement design is still just as vital as ever but achieving it now requires a more sophisticated approach. Instead of simply minimising the first cost, it is also necessary to consider the long-term user and maintenance benefits of the various alternative pavement types available.
The modern concrete pavement has been improved and now provides significant road user benefits as well as the traditionally recognised advantages of great durability and lower maintenance costs.
The Transfund New Zealand Pavement Evaluation Manual is the accepted framework for economic calculation of the merits of road works. This Technical Report provides specific guidelines and commentary on the application of the principles and procedures of the Project Evaluation Manual (incorporating amendment No. 6, 2002), to the problem of calculation of the relative merits of concrete pavements and the competing flexible pavement options.
More publications from Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand at address:
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Author: Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand | Size: 4.8 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand | Year: 2004 | pages: 41 | ISBN: 0908956002
The tilt-up construction technique was pioneered in the USA around 1908 but it was not until the late 1950’s that it was practiced in New Zealand. The concept was mainly confined to flat panels in commercial buildings where aesthetics was not of importance, however, in more recent times, universally, the growth of tilt-up has run parallel with the developments in architectural tilt-up. The system now offers designers a diversity of aesthetically pleasing structures at economic advantage compared to other building systems.
Use of the term tilt-up is sometimes restricted to wall panels cast on a horizontal surface and requiring only to be tilted into their final location. However many of the principles applying to this equally apply to the broader concept of site precasting of columns, beams and plane frames, which after being cast horizontally are lifted by crane and moved to their final location. Thus, although this manual is written around the construction of tilt-up wall panels, it does have a wider application.
Where tilt-up and off site precasting are being considered as alternative construction methods, the restriction of precast panel size, as dictated by road transport, with the consequential extra joints and panel numbers may lead to increased erection and finishing cost compared to tilt-up. However, where high quality architectural finishes are being considered, this skilled work is easier to achieve in factory type conditions. The ultimate solution in these special requirements may be a combination of off site precast and tilt-up.
As with any precast method of building, the best results using tilt-up are achieved when there is close collaboration from the outset between all members of the design and construction team. To foster such an approach, this manual covers all aspects of tilt-up construction from planning through to finishing.
Safety aspects during lifting and temporary propping are matters of concern to authorities. Handling large panels can be done safely provided that simple rules on equipment and procedures are followed. This aspect is also covered in this manual
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He may be, undoubtedly, the programmer of the JEC famous series of spreadsheets. Correct me if I am wrong. I just felt I should share this.
To those of you having an idea about this please clarify and may you also give us an insight on what structural codes of practice the spreadsheets are based.
Special thanks go out to robertsas for availing these sheets to the forum
For CS1 and other courses covering beginning programming in C++. It is aimed at readers with little or no programming experience. It can be used both in Computer Science and Engineering programs as a first course in programming. It is in use at Illinois Central College in the Cmpsc 125 Introduction to C++ and Engr 230 Engineering Applications in C++ courses. The Fourth Edition has been updated to use Microsoft’s Visual Studio .NET 2005 compiler.
Includes Book+Exercises+Solutions+Souce Codes+Tools!!!
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The Measurement of Soil Properties in-situ – Present Methods – Their Applicability and Potential
Author: J.K. Mitchell Frank Guzikowski Willem C.B. Villet | Size: 33 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (University of California, University of California) | Year: 1978 | pages: 70 | ISBN: Paper LBL-6363
The measurement.of soil properties in-situ offers the advantages of minimal disturbance, retention of the in-situ state of stress, temperature, chemical and biological environments, and cost effectiveness relative to many types of laboratory tests for evaluation of undisturbed soil properties.
This report is concerned with techniques for in-situ measurement of permeability, strength, stressdeformation properties, and volume change properties; property classes which are of interest in most geotechnical ,engineeringproblems. Emphasis is on test concepts, data analysis and interpretation, and advantages and limitations of methods, as opposed to details of apparatus and procedure.
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Charles E. Needham, "Blast Waves"
Springer | 2010 | ISBN: 3642052878 | 320 pages | PDF | 6,1 MB
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The primary purpose of this text is to document many of the lessons that have been learned during the author’s more than forty years in the field of blast and shock. The writing therefore takes on an historical perspective, in some sense, because it follows the author’s experience. The book deals with blast waves propagating in fluids or materials that can be treated as fluids.
It begins by distinguishing between blast waves and the more general category of shock waves. It then examines several ways of generating blast waves, considering the propagation of blast waves in one, two and three dimensions as well as through the real atmosphere. One section treats the propagation of shocks in layered gases in a more detailed manner.
The book also details the interaction of shock waves with structures in particular reflections, progressing from simple to complex geometries, including planar structures, two-dimensional structures such as ramps or wedges, reflections from heights of burst, and three-dimensional structures.
Intended for those with a basic knowledge of algebra and a solid grasp of the concepts of conservation of mass and energy, the text includes an introduction to blast wave terminology and conservation laws as well as a discussion of units and the importance of consistency.
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HJSplit is a popular freeware program to split and recombine files. The program is available on Windows, Linux and a variety of other platforms.
Why should one want to split and recombine files? For instance, think of a file of 50 Mb, and try to send it to a friend, post it in a newsgroup or upload it to a Website or FTP server. It is usually easier to send/receive, upload/download smaller parts than handle the entire file in one go.
HJSplit can also be useful for backups. A file of e.g. 10 gigabytes in size can be split into smaller parts which then can be burned to CD's, DVDs, copied to USB sticks or uploaded to an online backup service.
HJSplit for Windows and Linux support file sizes of over 100 Gigabytes, MD5 checksums, file-compare, "run without install" and both editions are fully portable.
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For Mac (ChunkJoiner - compatible with HJSplit):
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