Author: John P. Wolf | Size: 6.08 MB | Format:DjVu | Publisher: Wiley | Year: 2003 | pages: 378 | ISBN: 0471486825
Product Description:
A novel computational procedure called the scaled boundary finite-element method is described which combines the advantages of the finite-element and boundary-element methods : Of the finite-element method that no fundamental solution is required and thus expanding the scope of application, for instance to anisotropic material without an increase in complexity and that singular integrals are avoided and that symmetry of the results is automatically satisfied. Of the boundary-element method that the spatial dimension is reduced by one as only the boundary is discretized with surface finite elements, reducing the data preparation and computational efforts, that the boundary conditions at infinity are satisfied exactly and that no approximation other than that of the surface finite elements on the boundary is introduced. In addition, the scaled boundary finite-element method presents appealing features of its own : an analytical solution inside the domain is achieved, permitting for instance accurate stress intensity factors to be determined directly and no spatial discretization of certain free and fixed boundaries and interfaces between different materials is required. In addition, the scaled boundary finite-element method combines the advantages of the analytical and numerical approaches. In the directions parallel to the boundary, where the behaviour is, in general, smooth, the weighted-residual approximation of finite elements applies, leading to convergence in the finite-element sense. In the third (radial) direction, the procedure is analytical, permitting e.g. stress-intensity factors to be determined directly based on their definition or the boundary conditions at infinity to be satisfied exactly.
In a nutshell, the scaled boundary finite-element method is a semi-analytical fundamental-solution-less boundary-element method based on finite elements. The best of both worlds is achieved in two ways: with respect to the analytical and numerical methods and with respect to the finite-element and boundary-element methods within the numerical procedures.
The book serves two goals: Part I is an elementary text, without any prerequisites, a primer, but which using a simple model problem still covers all aspects of the method and Part II presents a detailed derivation of the general case of statics, elastodynamics and diffusion.
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Author: K. Schulgasser, LePing Li | Size: 6.02 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Elsevier Science | Year: 2000 | pages: 164 | ISBN: 0080436684
Product Description:
Poroelasticity is a continuum theory for the analysis of a porous media consisting of an elastic matrix containing interconnected fluid-saturated pores. In physical terms the theory postulates that when a porous material is subjected to stress, the resulting matrix deformation leads to volumetric changes in the pores.
This book is devoted to the analysis of fluid-saturated poroelastic beams, columns and plates made of materials for which diffusion in the longitudinal direction(s) is viable, while in the perpendicular direction(s) the flow can be considered negligible because of the micro-geometry of the solid skeletal material. Many microstructures and fabrication schemes could be imagined, which would produce bulk materials with the postulated behavior. The book provides a methodology and a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanical behaviors of the structural elements made of such materials. It is recognized that the response of the poroelastic structural element to loading is sensitive to the properties of the fluid and to the diffusion boundaries, which can be easily altered in practice. Therefore, such structural elements and thus their features are potentially controllable. In other words, it could be possible to convert such elements into intelligent or smart structures. If this is so, it would be interesting that such structural elements could work as both sensors and actuators, e.g. the fluid can "feel" the change of the temperature by changing its viscosity and this results in a change of the behavior of the structure.
The present book is the first of its kind; there does not exist in the professional literature any book which deals with this subject.
Chapter 1 is a general introduction and overview. The governing equations for beams are presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 then presents analytical solutions for the quasi-static bending problem. Series solutions are found for normal loading with various mechanical and diffusion boundary conditions. The finite element method is developed and employed for the quasi-static beams and columns with small deflections in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5 solutions are found for free and forced vibrations of poroelastic beams. Chapter 6 deals with large deflections of beams. The stability of poroelastic columns is investigated in Chapter 7. Three problems are considered: buckling, post-buckling, and dynamic stability. Formulations are found in Chapter 8 for fluid-saturated poroelastic plates consisting of a material, for which the diffusion is possible in the in-plane directions only, both for bending and for in-plane loading.
This book attempts to constitute a reasonably self-contained presentation of a wide spectrum of problems related to the analysis of the type of poroelastic structure considered.
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Author: OHSAS Project Group | Size: 0.34 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: OHSAS Project Group 2008 | Year: November 2008 | pages: 88 | ISBN: 978 0 580 61674 7
Introduction
Organizations of all kinds are increasingly concerned with achieving
and demonstrating sound occupational health and safety (OH&S)
performance by controlling their OH&S risks, consistent with their
OH&S policy and objectives. They do so in the context of increasingly
stringent legislation, the development of economic policies and other
measures that foster good OH&S practices, and of increased concern
expressed by interested parties about OH&S issues.
Many organizations have undertaken OH&S “reviews” or “audits” to
assess their OH&S performance. On their own, however, these “reviews”
and “audits” may not be sufficient to provide an organization with
the assurance that its performance not only meets, but will continue to
meet, its legal and policy requirements. To be effective, they need to be
conducted within a structured management system that is integrated
within the organization.
The OHSAS Standards covering OH&S management are intended
to provide organizations with the elements of an effective OH&S
management system that can be integrated with other management
requirements and help organizations achieve OH&S and economic
objectives. These standards, like other International Standards, are not
intended to be used to create non-tariff trade barriers or to increase
or change an organization’s legal obligations.
OHSAS 18001 specifies requirements for an OH&S management system
to enable an organization to develop and implement a policy and
objectives which take into account legal requirements and information
about OH&S risks. It is intended to apply to all types and sizes of
organizations and to accommodate diverse geographical, cultural
and social conditions. The basis of the approach is shown in Figure 1.
The success of the system depends on commitment from all levels and
functions of the organization, and especially from top management. A
system of this kind enables an organization to develop an OH&S policy,
establish objectives and processes to achieve the policy commitments,
take action as needed to improve its performance, and demonstrate
the conformity of the system to the requirements of OHSAS 18001. The
overall aim of OHSAS 18001 is to support and promote good OH&S
practices, including self regulation, in balance with socio-economic
needs. It should be noted that many of the requirements can be
addressed concurrently or revisited at any time.
The development of OHSAS 18001:2007 focused on improving the
standard by:
— improving alignment with ISO 14001 and ISO 9001;
— seeking opportunities for alignment with other OH&S management
system standards, e.g. the ILO-OSH:2001 Guidelines;
— reflecting developments in OH&S practices;
— clarifying the original text from the OHSAS 18001:1999
requirements based on experience of its use.
There is an important distinction between OHSAS 18001, which
describes the requirements for an organization’s OH&S management
system and can be used for certification/registration and/or
self‑declaration of an organization’s OH&S management system, and a non-certifiable guideline, such as OHSAS 18002, intended to provide generic assistance to an organization for establishing, implementing or improving an OH&S management system. OH&S management
encompasses a full range of issues, including those with strategic and competitive implications. Demonstration of successful implementation
of OHSAS 18001 can be used by an organization to assure interested
parties that an appropriate OH&S management system is in place.
Any reference to other International Standards is for information only.
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This second edition of "Theory of Structures," like the first, is intended primarily as a textbook for undergraduate and first-year graduate courses in structural analysis for civil engineers. To serve this purpose, every effort has been made to maintain a close connection bet\veen the methods that are developed for the analysis of various types of structures and the fundamental principles of mechanics on which they are based. It is only through a sound understanding of these principles that the engineer can successfully adapt his methods of analysis to the ever-changing problems that will confront him in this modern era.
The book may be roughly divided into two parts: the first part dealing with statically determinate structures, and the second part dealing with statically indeterminate structures.
Chapter 1 Elements of plane statics
Chapter 2 Statically determinate plane trusses
Chapter 3 Influence lines
Chapter 4 Statically determinate space structures
Chapter 5 General theorems relating to elastic systems
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This part of this British Standard specifies product performance requirements for spacers and chairs
sufficient to achieve and maintain cover to reinforcement in in situ reinforced concrete members subject to
normal construction loads when used in accordance with BS 7973-2.
NOTE Where appropriate, the basic principles can be applied to precast concrete or proprietary systems.
Product requirements for spacers and chairs include their dimensions, identification, point load strength,
permanent deflection after loading, stability and fixity.
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This part of this British Standard specifies fixing and application requirements for spacers and chairs
sufficient to achieve and maintain cover to reinforcement in in situ reinforced concrete members subject to
normal construction loads. Application requirements include tying and spacing.
This British Standard applies to all types of reinforcement conforming to BS 4449 and BS 4482 and some
types of welded fabric conforming to BS 4483, supplied to the preferred shapes and tolerances given in
BS 8666.
Other important aspects such as clear and unambiguous detailing, the need to consider buildability,
formwork tolerances and reinforcement are not specified. Standards of workmanship and supervision are
also outside the scope of this British Standard as is a means of resisting wind loads or enabling the lifting
of prefabricated reinforcement cages.
NOTE 1 Where appropriate, the basic principles can be applied to precast concrete or proprietary systems.
NOTE 2 Straight reinforcement for curvilinear members to be formed to a radius exceeding the maximum radius of bending given in
BS 8666 may require extra tying and support to resist additional loads caused by the springing effect of the bars.
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Superpave design methods and tools are being implemented by many State agencies to replace the Marshall and Hveem design methods. In 1999, 2,515 projects, specifying some 73 million metric tons of Superpave, were let.[1] The majority of the projects in 1999 and in previous years were constructed with little or no difficulty. On several projects, there were some problems during this initial implementation. For the most part, the causes of the problems have been identified and have been solved. In 2000, estimates were that more than 3,900 projects, specifying some 134 million metric tons of Superpave, would be let; this would represent 62 percent of the total hot-mix asphalt (HMA) tonnage expected to be contracted for by State agencies during 2000 in the United States.[1] Superpave has become the mixture design method of choice by most State transportation departments across the country.
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This publication includes papers from the North American Tunneling 2004 conference, sponsored by the American Underground Construction Association. The theme of the conference is "Underground Construction - the Sensible Solution to Urban Problems" to reflect the increasing importance of locating urban facilities in the United States underground for enhanced security, to build critical infrastructure where it is needed and to improve the function of urban areas.
The papers are grouped in four major themes:
- Management of Underground Projects
- Public Policy and Underground Projects
- Advances in Technology
- Case Studies: Trials, Tribulation and Triumphs in Tunneling
This work should benefit everyone involved in any aspect of infrastructure, tunneling and underground construction.
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Sustainability at the Cutting Edge is an essential guide to understanding the future direction of sustainable technology. This fully updated new edition deals not only with current best practice and state of the art case studies, but with the very latest emerging technologies which will transform the relationship between buildings and energy. Professor Smith describes how buildings can be made to significantly reduce their reliance on fossil-based energy by the use of solar and geothermal resources. He also describes a range of renewable energy generating technologies. As sustainable building becomes increasingly essential with the advance of climate change, government legislation and international treaties, this is valuable knowledge for every architect, engineer and designer. This immensely practical book is packed with useful diagrams, charts and colour photographs to illustrate a variety of the most recent case studies, including the education building, the Core, at the Eden Project in Cornwall. As well as exploring cutting edge developments in photovoltaics (PV) this revised edition also includes the latest data from the 2006 Carbon Trust report on wave and tide, and new material on the latest advances in bioenergy and marine technologies. Buildings are currently a major part of the carbon emissions problem. This book indicates how they may become part of the solution.
Audience:
Professional Architects, engineers (civil and structural), designers
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BS EN 14758-1:2005 +A1:2009 Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage — Polypropylene with mineral modifiers (PP-MD) — Part 1: Specifications for pipes, fittings and the system
This European Standard specifies the requirements for solid-wall pipes, fittings and the system of piping systems made from mineral modified polypropylene materials (PP-MD) in the field of non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage outside the building structure (application area code "U"), and nonpressure underground drainage and sewerage for both buried in ground within the building structure (application area code "D") and outside the building structure.
This is reflected in the marking of products by "U" and "UD". It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this European Standard.
This European Standard covers a range of nominal sizes, a range of pipe series/stiffness classes and gives recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE 1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selection from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes. In conjunction with Part 2 and Part 3 of EN 14758 (see Foreword) it is applicable to PP-MD pipes and fittings, their elastomeric sealing ring joints and to joints with components of other plastics and non- plastics materials intended to be used for buried piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage.
This European Standard is applicable to PP-MD pipes with or without an integral socket.
NOTE 2 The fittings can be manufactured by injection-moulding or be fabricated from pipes and/or mouldings.
NOTE 3 Requirements and limiting values for application area code "D" are given in Table 4, Table 7 and Table 13.
NOTE 4 Pipes, fittings and other components conforming to any of the plastics product standards listed in Annex B can
be used with pipes and fittings conforming to this European Standard, when they conform to the requirements for joint
dimensions given in Clause 6 and to the requirements of Table 13.
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BS EN 14636-1:2009 Plastics piping systems for non-pressure drainage and sewerage — Polyester resin concrete (PRC) Part 1: Pipes and fittings with flexible joints
This European Standard applies to pipes and fittings made from polyester resin concrete (PRC, see 3.1.23), intended to be used within a drain or sewer system operating without pressure. It applies to products for use in buried installations to be installed by open-trench techniques or pipe jacking. It applies to pipes, fittings and their joints of nominal sizes from DN 150 to DN 3000 for circular cross-sections, from WN/HN 300/450 to WN/HN 1400/2100 for egg-shaped cross-sections and from DN 800 to DN 1800 for kite-shaped cross-sections.
The intended use of these products is for the conveyance of sewage, rainwater and surface water at temperatures up to 50 °C, without pressure or occasionally at a head of pressure up to 0,5 bar1), and installed in areas subjected to vehicle and/or pedestrian traffic.
NOTE 1 The attention of readers is drawn to applicable requirements contained in EN 476. It specifies definitions, requirements and characteristics of pipes, fittings, joints, materials, test methods and marking.
The pipes are classified on the basis of the intended method of installation and cross- sectional shape.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections,
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