Parking structures have become important elements in today’s urban and suburban environments. Owners have realized that parking services represent the first and last impression a visitor receives of the facility, and that can be a pivotal factor when consumers decide where to do business. Even more, owners and designers both are acknowledging that parking structures must be designed specifically for the types of visitors that structure will serve, based on the facilities they support and the flow of daily traffic.
The need to create a parking structure that precisely fits the needs of the users cannot be stressed enough. Unless the facility is user-friendly, projecting a safe, secure, and easy to use environment, parkers will find other options. These needs have become too vital to their peace of mind to be left unmet by the owner and designer. As a result, creating the best parking structure for the site, users, and budget requires a careful balance of all elements and a logical plan from start to finish. From the initial conception basics are decided until the parking structure opens, a host of choices must be made that will affect the final design and cost of the project—which ultimately will impact its value to the customer.
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Sustainability is often defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.1 Worldwide, people are currently using 20% more
resources than can be regenerated. In particular, the U.S. population consumes more resources on a per capita
basis than any other nation.
The environmental impact of constructing and operating buildings in most countries is significant. Consider that
buildings consume 74% of the electricity generated in the U.S. and more than 39% of the primary energy (such
as natural gas); produce 30% of the national output of greenhouse gas emissions; use 12% of the potable water
in the U.S.; and employ 40% of raw materials (3 billion tons annually) for construction and operation worldwide.2
Building materials can have a significant effect on the environmental impact of the construction and operation
of a building. Some materials may have to be used in special configurations, or employ different combinations,
to achieve sustainability; the inherent properties of precast concrete, however, make it a natural choice
for achieving sustainability in buildings. Precast concrete contributes to sustainable practices by incorporating
integrated design; using materials efficiently; and reducing construction waste, site disturbance, and noise.
Although most consumers are concerned with the present and future health of the natural environment, few
are willing to pay more for a building, product, process, or innovation that minimizes environmental burdens.
The concept of sustainability, however, balances sustainable design with cost-effectiveness. Using integrated
design (also called the holistic or whole-building approach), a building’s materials, systems, and design are
examined from the perspective of all project team members and tenants. Energy efficiency, cost, durability (or
service life), space flexibility, environmental impact, and quality of life are all considered when decisions are
made regarding the selection of a building design.
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The volume presents a collaboration between internationally recognized experts on anti-optimization and structural optimization, and summarizes various novel ideas, methodologies and results studied over 20 years. The book vividly demonstrates how the concept of uncertainty should be incorporated in a rigorous manner during the process of designing real-world structures. The necessity of anti-optimization approach is first demonstrated, then the anti-optimization techniques are applied to static, dynamic and buckling problems, thus covering the broadest possible set of applications. Finally, anti-optimization is fully utilized by a combination of structural optimization to produce the optimal design considering the worst-case scenario. This is currently the only book that covers the combination of optimization and anti-optimization. It shows how various optimization techniques are used in the novel anti-optimization technique, and how the structural optimization can be exponentially enhanced by incorporating the concept of worst-case scenario, thereby increasing the safety of the structures designed in various fields of engineering.
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Well-written introduction covers the elements of the theory of probability from two or more random variables, the reliability of such multivariable structures, the theory of random function, Monte Carlo methods of treating problems incapable of exact solution, and more. No previous knowledge of the subject necessary. Numerous examples, illustrative figures.
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Summary
This text addresses in great detail the requirements for designing, implementing, and managing programs and procedures for the maintenance of major building elements from the foundation to the roof, including interior and exterior support systems and sitework elements. Topics include facilities as assets, major renovations, preventative maintenance, special maintenance considerations, and designing for building maintenance.
Table of contents:
Facilities as Assets
Programmed Maintenance as Asset Management
Maintenance Planning and Budgeting
Staffing the Maintenance Department
Computerized Maintenance Management Systems
Planned Replacement or Major Renovation
Building Component Life
Funded Depreciation and Budgeting for Replacement/ Renovation
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis at Replacement/Renovation Time
Consequences of Deferred Replacement/Renovation
Preventative Maintenance
Basic Requirements for General Construction Maintenance
Basic Requirements for Service Systems Maintenance
Predictive Maintenance Methods
Preventive and Predictive Maintenance Procedures
Special Maintenance Considerations
Sustainable Maintenance v. Sustainable Buildings
Indoor Air Quality
Moisture Intrusion and Mold Infestation
Dealing with Failing Masonry Walls
Designing for Building Maintainability
General Construction
Plumbing
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
Electrical
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Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids (North-Holland Series in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics)
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Product Description:
Bridging the gap between introductory textbooks and advanced monographs, this book provides the necessary mathematical tools to tackle seismological problems and demonstrates how to apply them. Including student exercises, for which solutions are available on a dedicated website, it appeals to advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It is also a useful reference volume for researchers wishing to "brush up" on fundamentals before they study more advanced topics in seismology.
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Product Description:
This textbook for upper division undergraduates and graduate students provides the ideal introduction to seismology. A student-friendly text fully details the fundamental concepts and includes a step-by-step development of the relevant mathematics. Beginning with clear examples of introductory topics such as one-dimensional problems and liquid media, the book goes on to cover most of the fundamental concepts in seismology. The author describes the application of seismology to the knowledge of the structure of the earth's interior and the origin and nature of earthquakes. Coverage includes seismic wave propagation, normal mode theory, ray theory approximation, body and surface waves, source mechanisms and kinematic and dynamic models. The book also contains appendices on useful mathematical tools and includes extensive problems that help students to understand the basic concepts in this area.
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Author: John P. Wolf | Size: 6.08 MB | Format:DjVu | Publisher: Wiley | Year: 2003 | pages: 378 | ISBN: 0471486825
Product Description:
A novel computational procedure called the scaled boundary finite-element method is described which combines the advantages of the finite-element and boundary-element methods : Of the finite-element method that no fundamental solution is required and thus expanding the scope of application, for instance to anisotropic material without an increase in complexity and that singular integrals are avoided and that symmetry of the results is automatically satisfied. Of the boundary-element method that the spatial dimension is reduced by one as only the boundary is discretized with surface finite elements, reducing the data preparation and computational efforts, that the boundary conditions at infinity are satisfied exactly and that no approximation other than that of the surface finite elements on the boundary is introduced. In addition, the scaled boundary finite-element method presents appealing features of its own : an analytical solution inside the domain is achieved, permitting for instance accurate stress intensity factors to be determined directly and no spatial discretization of certain free and fixed boundaries and interfaces between different materials is required. In addition, the scaled boundary finite-element method combines the advantages of the analytical and numerical approaches. In the directions parallel to the boundary, where the behaviour is, in general, smooth, the weighted-residual approximation of finite elements applies, leading to convergence in the finite-element sense. In the third (radial) direction, the procedure is analytical, permitting e.g. stress-intensity factors to be determined directly based on their definition or the boundary conditions at infinity to be satisfied exactly.
In a nutshell, the scaled boundary finite-element method is a semi-analytical fundamental-solution-less boundary-element method based on finite elements. The best of both worlds is achieved in two ways: with respect to the analytical and numerical methods and with respect to the finite-element and boundary-element methods within the numerical procedures.
The book serves two goals: Part I is an elementary text, without any prerequisites, a primer, but which using a simple model problem still covers all aspects of the method and Part II presents a detailed derivation of the general case of statics, elastodynamics and diffusion.
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Author: K. Schulgasser, LePing Li | Size: 6.02 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Elsevier Science | Year: 2000 | pages: 164 | ISBN: 0080436684
Product Description:
Poroelasticity is a continuum theory for the analysis of a porous media consisting of an elastic matrix containing interconnected fluid-saturated pores. In physical terms the theory postulates that when a porous material is subjected to stress, the resulting matrix deformation leads to volumetric changes in the pores.
This book is devoted to the analysis of fluid-saturated poroelastic beams, columns and plates made of materials for which diffusion in the longitudinal direction(s) is viable, while in the perpendicular direction(s) the flow can be considered negligible because of the micro-geometry of the solid skeletal material. Many microstructures and fabrication schemes could be imagined, which would produce bulk materials with the postulated behavior. The book provides a methodology and a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanical behaviors of the structural elements made of such materials. It is recognized that the response of the poroelastic structural element to loading is sensitive to the properties of the fluid and to the diffusion boundaries, which can be easily altered in practice. Therefore, such structural elements and thus their features are potentially controllable. In other words, it could be possible to convert such elements into intelligent or smart structures. If this is so, it would be interesting that such structural elements could work as both sensors and actuators, e.g. the fluid can "feel" the change of the temperature by changing its viscosity and this results in a change of the behavior of the structure.
The present book is the first of its kind; there does not exist in the professional literature any book which deals with this subject.
Chapter 1 is a general introduction and overview. The governing equations for beams are presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 then presents analytical solutions for the quasi-static bending problem. Series solutions are found for normal loading with various mechanical and diffusion boundary conditions. The finite element method is developed and employed for the quasi-static beams and columns with small deflections in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5 solutions are found for free and forced vibrations of poroelastic beams. Chapter 6 deals with large deflections of beams. The stability of poroelastic columns is investigated in Chapter 7. Three problems are considered: buckling, post-buckling, and dynamic stability. Formulations are found in Chapter 8 for fluid-saturated poroelastic plates consisting of a material, for which the diffusion is possible in the in-plane directions only, both for bending and for in-plane loading.
This book attempts to constitute a reasonably self-contained presentation of a wide spectrum of problems related to the analysis of the type of poroelastic structure considered.
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