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Product Description
This guide is an essential reference to the recommended standards and rules applicable to formulation for all manner of bored tunnels, and shafts in any type of ground condition. It is also a useful resource for those involved in the procurement, operation, or maintenance of tunnels, or those seeking to acquire data for use in production. The need for a single reference book of recommendations and guidance for tunnel lining design has long been recognised. In partnership with the Institution of Civil Engineers Research and Development fund, The British Tunnelling Society (BTS) considered that the valuable knowledge and experience of its members on tunnel lining design should be made available to the wider international underground construction industry.Covering the design of structural linings for all manner of driven tunnels and shafts in relation to a variety of ground conditions, "Tunnel lining: Design Guide" is written for particular use in conjunction with the relevant United Kingdom standards, codes of practice and existing customs and practice in operation. Such existing standards and codes are usually not specific to tunnelling and have no formal standing in tunnel lining design. This title provides sought-after information and guidance on such topics as: the design processes' various stages; final usage requirements; choosing types of lining; lining systems and construction methods; stability problems in tunnels; and, poor appreciation of mechanical limitations of support systems."Tunnel Lining: Design Guide" also provide essential information for those requiring to procure, operate, or maintain tunnels, or those seeking to acquire data for use in their design, with details of those factors which influence correct design such as end use, construction practice, and environmental influences.
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An Introduction to Meshfree Methods and Their Programming
Author: Y.T. Gu, G. R. Liu | Size: 38,7 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Springer | Year: 2005 | pages: 496 | ISBN: 1402032285
This book aims to present meshfree methods in a friendly and straightforward manner, so that beginners can very easily understand, comprehend, program, implement, apply and extend these methods. It provides first the fundamentals of numerical analysis that are particularly important to meshfree methods. Typical meshfree methods, such as EFG, RPIM, MLPG, LRPIM, MWS and collocation methods are then introduced systematically detailing the formulation, numerical implementation and programming. Many well-tested computer source codes developed by the authors are attached with useful descriptions. The application of the codes can be readily performed using the examples with input and output files given in table form. These codes consist of most of the basic meshfree techniques, and can be easily extended to other variations of more complex procedures of meshfree methods. Readers can easily practice with the codes provided to effective learn and comprehend the basics of meshfree methods.
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This report describes long-term natural weathering exposure testing of the remaining 31 post-Southern Exposure (SE) test slabs that were not autopsied during the 1993–1998 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) research project. The samples were exposed from September 1998 to December 2002 at an outdoor test yard in Northbrook, IL. The 1993– 1998 research program involved testing more than 52 different bar materials and, consequently, 12 different bar types were selected for long-term durability tests in concrete exposed to the very aggressive SE test, which involved alternating wetting with 15 weight percent NaCl solution and drying cycles for 96 weeks. Periodic macrocell corrosion current between top and bottom mats and short-circuit potential data were collected during the exposure test rogram. p Upon termination of the test program, autopsy and subsequent laboratory analysis was performed on the test slabs. The test results confirmed that the black bars produced the highest mean macrocell current density (least corrosion resistant) among various combinations of test variables regardless of slab configuration, and that the stainless steel bars exhibited negligible mean macrocell current density. In general, bent epoxy-coated reinforcing bar (ECR) in the top mat, coupled with black bars in the bottom mat, performed the worst among all ECR cases. The straight top-mat ECRs’ macrocell current density varied from 7 to 40 percent of the highest black bar case, depending on the size of initial coating damage and type of bar in the bottom mat. ECR used in the top mat alone reduced the corrosion susceptibility to at least 50 percent of the black bar case, even when it contained coating damage and was connected to the black bar bottom mat. In contrast, if straight ECRs in the top mat were connected to ECRs in the bottom mat, the mean macrocell current density was no greater than 2 percent of the highest black bar case even when rebar coatings had defects, and approach the corrosion resistant level of stainless steel reinforcement. Such improved corrosion resistance can be attributed to (1) reduction in cathodic area; (2) higher electrical resistance; and (3) reduced cathodic reaction. Whenever an ECR slab with negligible macrocell current density was autopsied, the appearance of the extracted ECR and concrete/bar interface was excellent with no sign of corrosion. However, when ECRs specimens with high macrocell current densities were autopsied, they revealed coating deterioration due to corrosion and exhibited numerous hairline cracks and/or blisters in conjunction with reduced adhesion, coating disbondment (permanent adhesion loss), and underlying steel corrosion. No consistent trend was found between the level of macrocell current density and the extent of coating adhesion loss. The present test results and the earlier FHWA studies indicate that adhesion appeared to be a poor indicator of long-term performance of the coated bars in chloride contaminated concrete; it is concluded that there is no direct relationship between loss of adhesion and the effectiveness of ECR to mitigate corrosion.
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ELEVATED WATER STORAGE TANK SPECIFICATION
Composite or Steel Pedestal Design
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A practical exercise using Appendix A of the 2002 ACI Building Code
BY JAMES K. WIGHT AND GUSTAVO J. PARRA-MONTESINOS
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Recommendations for the preservative pre-treatment of, external woodwork in buildings above the damp proof course, agricultural and horticultural timbers, timber permanently or intermittently in contact with sea or fresh-water, cooling towers and fencing timber, timber in prefabricated temporary buildings in termite infested areas, timber in timber frame housing
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