Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Volume 3 By Pedro S. Sêco e Pinto

Bridge Aeroelasticity: Sensitivity Analysis and Optimum Design

This book is dedicated to the study of an aeroelastic phenomenon of cable-supported long-span bridges known as flutter, and proposes very innovative design methodologies, such as sensitivity analysis and optimization techniques, already utilized successfully in automobile and aerospace industries.

The topic of long-span suspension and cable-stayed bridges is currently of great importance. These types of bridge pose great technical difficulties due to their slenderness and often great dimension. Therefore, these bridges tend to have problems caused by natural forces such as wind loads, some of which we have witnessed in our history, and we are currently seeing a very high incidence of bridge construction to overcome geographical obstacles such as bays, straits, or great estuaries. Therefore, it seems very appropriate to write a book showing the current capability of analysis and design, when up until now, the information could only be found partially in technical articles.

This book will be useful for bridge design engineers as well as researchers working in the field. This book only requires previous knowledge of structural finite element models and dynamics, and it is advisable to have some previous knowledge in bridge engineering. Nevertheless, this book is very self-contained in such a way that all the information necessary to understand the theoretical developments is presented without the need of additional bibliography.

EN 14227-1:2004 Hydraulically bound mixtures - Specifications - Part 1: Cement bound granular mixtures

This European Standard specifies requirements, test methods and compliance criteria for cement bound granular mixtures used for construction and maintenance of bases and sub-bases of roads, airfields and other trafficked areas.
This European Standard specifies the characteristics of cement bound granular mixtures (CBGM) by reference to the properties of their constituents, the mixture and the properties of specimens of the mixed materials.
NOTE In addition to conforming to the requirements of this European Standard cement bound granular mixture may have other requirements, not included in this European Standard, which may be required by national regulation. The additional requirements may include any requirements selected from the following:
-frost damage resistance;
-compacity (as defined in EN 14227-2);
-workability period (measured in conformity with prEN 13286-45);
-immediate bearing index (measured in conformity with prEN 13286-47);
-such other requirements as are referred to within this European Standard, as being the subject of national regulations.

This European Standard specifies "slag bound mixtures" for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification. In this European Standard slag refers to slag from the iron and steel industry.

This standard specifies a method for the determination of the modulus of elasticity of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures (HBM). The standard applies to specimens made from either laboratory or production mixes with a maximum aggregate size of 31,5 mm. The determination of the modulus is obtained by either of the two following methods: - by compression or in direct tensile test; - by indirect tensile test.