I am a 39 year old structural engineer working in East Africa (Kenya).
being a former British colony, we still use BS standards :grin:as the local standards with minor alterations.
I will soon post a typical structural calculation: for a power house i was involved in design and supervision.
Code provisions are intended to provide a minimum level of safety for engineered buildings. The code prescriptive provisions are intended to provide safe design criteria for all types of buildings, ranging from small one and two story dwellings to the tallest structures. As a result of this broad intended applicability, the provisions contain many requirements that are not specifically applicable to tall buildings and which may result in designs that are less than optimal, both from a cost and safety perspective. Advances in performance based design methodologies and maturity of capacity design principles now permit a more direct, nonprescriptive, and rational approach to analysis and design of tall buildings. This document relies on these advances to provide a rational approach to seismic design of reliable and effective tall building structures. This Document addresses only non-prescriptive seismic design of tall buildings.
This document is not intended to cover essential facilities.
This provisions of this document are justified based on Section 104.11 of 2006 edition of International Building Code (2006 IBC) and Section 108.7 of 2007 California Building Code. These code provisions permit application of alternative lateral-force procedures using rational analysis based on well-established but complex principles of mechanics in lieu of prescriptive code provisions. All codes have traditionally permitted the use of alternative analysis and design methods which can be justified based on well-established principles of mechanics and/or supported by convincing laboratory test results. For example, Section 12.6 of ASCE 7-05 which is adopted by reference in 2007 CBC states:
"The structural analysis required by Chapter 12 shall consist of one of the types permitted in Table 12.6.1, based on the structure's seismic design category, structural system, dynamic properties, and regularity, or with the approval of the authority having jurisdiction, an alternative generally accepted procedure is permitted to be used. ..."
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Exploring new variations of classical methods as well as recent approaches appearing in the field, Computational Fluid Dynamics demonstrates the extensive use of numerical techniques and mathematical models in fluid mechanics. It presents various numerical methods, including finite volume, finite difference, finite element, spectral, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), mixed-element-volume, and free surface flow.
Taking a unified point of view, the book first introduces the basis of finite volume, weighted residual, and spectral approaches. The contributors present the SPH method, a novel approach of computational fluid dynamics based on the mesh-free technique, and then improve the method using an arbitrary Lagrange Euler (ALE) formalism. They also explain how to improve the accuracy of the mesh-free integration procedure, with special emphasis on the finite volume particle method (FVPM). After describing numerical algorithms for compressible computational fluid dynamics, the text discusses the prediction of turbulent complex flows in environmental and engineering problems. The last chapter explores the modeling and numerical simulation of free surface flows, including future behaviors of glaciers.
The diverse applications discussed in this book illustrate the importance of numerical methods in fluid mechanics. With research continually evolving in the field, there is no doubt that new techniques and tools will emerge to offer greater accuracy and speed in solving and analyzing even more fluid flow problems.
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Comité Euro-International du Béton (1984).
CEB Design manual on structural effects of time-dependent behaviour of concrete
M.A. Chiorino (ed.). Georgi Publishing, Saint-Saphorin, Switzerland.
Weld cracking in ferrous alloys >> Edited by R Singh, Monash University, Australia
Author: Edited by R Singh, Monash University, Australia | Size: 9.83 MB | Format:PDF | Publisher: Woodhead Publishing Limited | Year: December 2008 | pages: 574 | ISBN: ISBN 1845693000 ISBN-13: 9781845693008
…a valuable source of reference for all those concerned with improving the quality of welding and welded components.
Welding and Cutting
- reviews the latest developments in the design, evaluation, prevention and repair of weld cracks
- assesses recent advances in welding technology, design and material selection
- analyses weld crack behaviour, evaluation and repair including environment assisted weld cracking
- examines the important area of NDE and quality control
Weld cracks are unacceptable defects that can compromise the integrity of welded structures. Weld cracking can lead to structural failures which at best will require remedial action and at worst can lead to loss of life. Weld cracking in ferrous alloys reviews the latest developments in the design, evaluation, prevention and repair of weld cracks.
Part one reviews the fundamentals as well as recent advances in the areas of welding technology, design and material selection for preventing weld cracking. Part two analyses weld crack behaviour, evaluation and repair of cracking/cracked welds. The book benefits from an extensive and robust chapter on the topic of NDE and quality control that was contributed by one of the most respected non-destructive evaluation and development groups in the world. Part three covers environment assisted weld cracking.
With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Weld cracking in ferrous alloys is a valuable source of reference for all those concerned with improving the quality of welding and welded components. In the planning and development of this book, particular care has been taken to make the chapters suitable for people from other disciplines who need to understand weld cracking and failure.
About the editor
Dr Raman Singh is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Monash University, Australia.
Contents
PART 1 WELDING TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN TO PREVENT WELD CRACKING
PART 2 WELD CRACK BEHAVIOUR, EVALUATION AND REPAIR
PART 3 ENVIRONMENT-ASSISTED WELD CRACKING
PART 1 WELDING TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN TO PREVENT WELD CRACKING
Selection of weld-crack resistant stainless steels
J DuPont, Lehigh University, USA
- Introduction
- Types of stainless steels
- Cracking mechanisms in stainless steel welds
- Preventing weld cracking
- References
- Appendix of terms
Robust welding technologies for ferrous alloys
A K Bhaduri, S K Albert and B Raj, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India
- Introduction
- Weldability of austenitic stainless and other steels
- Weldability evaluation of austenitic stainless steels
- Weldability of modified chromium-molybdenum ferritic steels
- Dissimilar metal welding
- Improving welding in practice: development of special purpose electrodes
- Hardfacing of austenitic stainless steel components
- Conclusions
- References
Design against cracking in ferrous weldments
P Chellapandi and S C Chetal, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India
- Introduction
- Weld design rules for pressure vessel components (ASME section VIII Division 1)
- Weld design rules for nuclear power plant pressure vessels (ASME - section III – division 1)
- Design rules for welds as per RCC-MR
- Design of welds with crack-like defects
- Effect of mismatch creep properties on weld design
- Conclusions
- References
A discussion of the current procedures for design of welds against fatigue
J W H Price, Monash University, Australia
- Introduction
- Weld failures and design problems
- Fatigue design concepts and their influence
- Manufacturing codes: acceptable sizes of surface cracks caused by welding
- Assessing the strength of welds
- Current approaches to design against fatigue cracking at welds
- Case studies
- Discussion
- Conclusions
- References
PART 2 WELD CRACK BEHAVIOUR, EVALUATION AND REPAIR
Mechanical behaviour of stainless steel, ferritic steels welds and weld joints
K Bhanu Sankara Rao, M D Mathew, K Laha, R Sandhya and B Raj, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India
- Introduction
- Fatigue behaviour of stainless steel weldments
- Creep-fatigue interaction behaviour of stainless steel welds and weld joints
- Creep behaviour of austenitic stainless steel welds
- Creep rupture strength of ferritic steel weld joints
- Creep of dissimilar weld joints
- Acknowledgements
- References
Fracture toughness in the design and operation of ferrous weldments
S K Ray and G Sasikala, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India
- Introduction: the importance of fracture properties
- Fracture properties for materials qualification
- Dynamic and quasi-static fracture properties
- Metallurgical inhomogeneities
- Strength mismatch and residual stress
- Characterisation of fracture properties: dynamic fracture properties
- Quasi-static fracture toughness
- Subcritical crack growth characterisation of welds
- Conclusions
- References
Testing and evaluation of weld cracking in ferrous alloys
B Raj, T Jayakumar and P Palanochamy, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India
- Introduction
- Quality assurance and qualifications
- Testing and evaluation of welds
- Non-destructive tests
- Semi-destructive testing: metallography
- Hardness testing
- Destructive testing
- Testing methods for corrosion assessment
- Measurement of residual stresses in weldments
- On-line weld monitoring and intelligent welding
- Welding codes and standards
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Appendix I: compilation of standards on weld testing
- Appendix II: ASTM material specifications for welded components with NDT requirements
- Appendix III: standards for semi-destructive and destructive techniques
Lessons learnt from failures in ferrous weldments
B Raj, K V Kasiviswanathan, N Raghu, N G Muralidharan and V Karthik, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India
- Introduction
- Welding processes for ferrous alloys
- Major failure mechanisms associated with ferrous weldments
- Reducing failures in weldments
- Case studies in failure investigation
- References
Cracking in high-performance superduplex stainless steel welds
A Comer, Dublin City University, Ireland
- Introduction
- Microstructure of superduplex stainless steel welds
- Toughness and corrosion resistance of superduplex stainless steel welds
- Hydrogen embrittlement
- Corrosion fatigue cracking of stainless steel welds
- Crack propagation in a benign environment
- Crack propagation in seawater under high electrochemical potential
- Crack propagation in seawater under negative imposed electrochemical potential
- Future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Weld metal cracking in cellulosic girth welds of pipelines
D Dunne, University of Wollongong and D Nolan, BlueScopeSteel, Australia
- Introduction
- Keyhole welding
- Cellulosic welding
- Pipeline construction
- Hollow bead defect
- Solidification cracking
- Cold cracking
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
Repair of weld cracks
R Ibrahim, Monash University, Australia
- Introduction
- Weld defects
- Weld cracks
- Crack locations
- Other welding defects
- Resultant welding process microstructures
- Repair welding
- Welding heat treatment
- Techniques for tempering and grain refinement of the HAZ without PWHT
- Conclusions
- References
Measurement of residual stresses in weld repairs in steels
J Price, Monash University, Australia, A M Pardowska, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK and T Finlayson, University of Melbourne, Australia
- Introduction
- Experimental procedure
- Residual stress measurement
- Residual stress estimation
- Results and discussion
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
PART 3 ENVIRONMENT-ASSISTED WELD CRACKING
Corrosion issues in ferrous weldments
R K Dayal, H Shaikh and N Parvathavarthini, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India
- Introduction
- Different forms of corrosion
- Effect of defects on the corrosion properties of weld metal
- Effect of residual stresses on the corrosion properties of weld joints
- Corrosion of austenitic stainless steel weld joints
- Corrosion of ferritic steel weldments
- Conclusions
- References
Advances in techniques for determination of susceptibility of welds to stress corrosion cracking (KISCC)
R K Singh, Monash University, Australia
- Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) of welds and threshold stress intensity for SCC (KISCC)
- CNT testing
- Determination of KISCC by CNT Testing
- CNT testing of welds
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
Less explored types of environment-assisted cracking of welds: industrial issues and research opportunities
R K Singh, Monash University, Australia
- Introduction
- Cr-Mo ferritic steel welds: high temperature corrosion
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion of stainless steel weldments in marine environment
- References
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Resp. Admin.
I want to donate but i have no credit card or any net banking source as i do not believe this type of transaction. Also i m in rural area.so Whether there is any other option such as by post (airways) ??
thanks lot
The design of concrete mixes is becoming increasingly complex, with the addition of new materials in the compounds, such as organic admixtures, fibres and supplementary cementitious materials. Moreover, the list of properties which concretes are required to possess for certain applications has increased, and interest is developing in rheology, durability, deformability and whole-life behaviour.
This book presents a number of simple models for the understanding of a concrete system, and provides the techniques for developing more sophisticated models for the practical design of concrete mixes.
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Look at image below, There are too many user say thanks. This is quite annoying. For me, I'm not working because I want to receive thanks from user.
I am share what I can share because I love to share, not because Thanks button.
My suggestion is, If amount of user say thanks more than 1 line of screen or more than specific amount, than It should be HIDE automatically. Maybe you can add a button like drop down list if someone want to know who say thanks.
Delete Button
As you can see, If I want to full edit my post, the is a delete button. Even if I check the button then update my post, my post will not delete. I think, this button should be only available for Moderator and not for all user.
Register and Unregister User
If you see at the top of home page, There is a link "How To Active your Account" with blue backcolor. My account have been activated, so I don't need this button anymore, and should be visible only for unantivated and unregister user.
Hiding Some section from unregisted user
I just clear all cookie from my browser then I try to access CivilEA. Now, It's quite different when I decide to donate CivilEA to join this great forum. All section now appear with some limitation. Let's take closer to some Sub Section. Engineering Problem
If I am a guest, Then I have full access to this section. That's all user need(unregisted, not activated, and activate user). I suggest you to, Show first post(problem) then hide all post below it(answer of question).
Civil Engineering MediaMedia > Civil Engineering Photos
Guest user have full access to this section. I suggest to hide first post, then show other post.
That's all, I am sorry if this post annoying for others...
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