Environmental factors, such as high ambient temperature, low humidity, high wind, or both low humidity and high wind, affect concrete properties and the construction operations of mixing, transporting, and placing of the concrete materials. This guide provides measures that can be taken to minimize the undesirable effects of these environmental factors and reduce the potential for serious problems. This guide defines hot weather, discusses potential problems, and presents practices intended to minimize them. These practices include selecting materials and proportions, precooling ingredients, and batching. Other topics discussed include length of haul, consideration of concrete temperature as placed, facilities for handling concrete at the site, and, during the early curing period, placing and curing techniques, and appropriate testing and inspection procedures in hot weather conditions. The materials, processes, quality control measures, and inspections described in this document should be tested, monitored, or performed as applicable only by individuals holding the appropriate ACI certifications or equivalent.
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This document provides guidance on the selection and application of materials and methods for the repair and strengthening of concrete structures under water. An overview of materials and methods for underwater repair is presented as a guide for making a selection for a particular application.
Shrinkage-compensating concrete is used in construction to minimize drying-shrinkage cracking. Its characteristics are similar to those of portland-cement concrete. The materials, proportions, placement, and curing should ensure that expansion compensates for subsequent drying shrinkage.
This guide sets forth criteria and practices to ensure the development of expansive strain in concrete. In addition to a discussion of basic principles, methods and details are given covering structural design details and applications, concrete mixture proportioning, placement, finishing, and curing.
The materials, processes, quality control measures, and inspections described in this document should be tested, monitored, or performed as applicable only by individuals holding the appropriate ACI certifications or equivalent.
The “Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures” (Code) portion of this document covers the structural design, materials selection, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures. Such structures are used for conveying, storing, or treating water and wastewater, other liquids, and solid waste. The term “solid waste” as used in the Code encompasses the heterogeneous mass of disposed-of materials, as well as more homogeneous agricultural, industrial, and mineral wastes.
The Code also covers the evaluation of existing environmental engineering concrete structures.
Environmental engineering concrete structures are subject to uniquely different loadings and severe exposure conditions that require more restrictive serviceability requirements and may provide longer service lives than non-environmental structures.
Loadings include normal dead and live loads, earth pressure loads, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads, and vibrating equipment loads. Exposures include concentrated chemicals, alternate wetting and drying, high-velocity flowing liquids, and freezing and thawing of saturated concrete. Serviceability requirements include liquid-tightness, gas-tightness, and durability.
Proper design, materials, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures are required to produce serviceable concrete that is dense, durable, nearly impermeable, and resistant to relevant chemicals, with limited deflections and cracking. This includes minimizing leakage and control over the infiltration of, or contamination to, the environment or groundwater.
The Code presents additional material as well as modified portions of the ACI 318-05, ACI 318-08, and ACI 318-11 building codes that are applicable to environmental engineering concrete structures.
The Commentary discusses some of the considerations of the committee in developing the ACI 350 Code, and its relationship with ACI 318. Emphasis is given to the explanation of provisions that may be unfamiliar to some users of the Code. References to much of the research data referred to in preparing the Code are given for those who wish to study certain requirements in greater detail.
The chapter and section numbering of the Code are followed throughout the Commentary.
Among the subjects covered are: drawings and specifications, inspections, materials, concrete quality, mixing and placing, forming, embedded pipes, joints, reinforcement details, analysis and design, strength and serviceability, flexural and axial loads, shear and torsion, development of reinforcement, slab systems, walls, footings, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, shell structures, folded plate members, provisions for seismic design, and an alternate design method in Appendix A.
The quality and testing of materials used in the construction are covered by reference to the appropriate standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate AWS standard. Criteria for liquid-tightness and gas-tightness testing may be found in ACI 350.1.
This guide assists parking structure owners, operators, and the consultants who advise them and who develop maintenance recommendations as required by ACI 562, in developing preventive maintenance programs for parking structures. It presents typical maintenance concerns and suggests ways of addressing them. The guide summarizes information regarding structural, operational, aesthetic, and routine maintenance for parking structures. Design
suggestions to minimize maintenance are also included. A structural maintenance checklist of specific recommended tasks and references to other publications with information related to the structural maintenance of parking structures is included. Refer to ACI 362.1R for more complete information regarding design issues related to the performance of a parking structure.
The use of ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and other mineral fillers can enhance the performance, economy, and sustainability of concrete mixtures. Modifications to the conventional proportioning method in ACI 211.1 are needed to incorporate these materials. This guide describes GCC and dust-of-fracture aggregate mineral fillers, including their properties, characterization, and qualification, and effects on concrete properties and sustainability. Recommendations are provided for proportioning concrete mixtures with these materials.
Keywords:
aggregate mineral filler; dust-of-fracture; ground calcium carbonate; ground lime
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This report provides general information regarding the evaluation of corrosion damage in structures reinforced with grouted multistrand and bar tendons. A review of current practice is included along with the historical background. Specific potential problem areas for grouted tendons are discussed for each critical part of the tendon. Current methods for evaluating corrosion damage and typical repair schemes are included.
Architectural precast concrete is a subcategory of concrete construction that involves the same basic entities as other concrete construction, but is cast in a plant and has a more decorative appeal by using color, texture, distinguished surface finishes, or all of these. This document outlines the responsibilities for various parties of the design/construction team for architectural precast concrete projects and does not necessarily apply to concrete or precast concrete in general.
Keywords:
architect; architectural precast concrete; construction manager; general contractor; owner; precaster; specialty structural engineer; structural engineer of record.
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The need to control volume change induced primarily by temperature change in mass concrete often requires thermal control of concrete. This report reviews these thermal control methods such as precooling, postcooling, and insulating systems. A simplified method for computing the temperature of freshly mixed concrete cooled by various systems is also presented.
Keywords:
cement content; coarse aggregate; creep; formwork; heat of hydration; mass concrete; modulus of elasticity; precooling; postcooling; pozzolan; restraint; specific heat; strain; stress; temperature rise; tensile strength; thermal conductivity; thermal diffusivity; thermal expansion; thermal gradient; thermal shock.
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This guide describes the technology and applications of fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) with a focus on synthetic and steel macrofibers. It serves as a bridge between information given in documents reported by ACI Committee 506 and ACI Committee 544. Proportions of typical mixtures, batching, mixing, and application procedures are described, including modification of mixture proportions and equipment needed for FRS. General performance criteria of FRS, particularly postcracking flexural strength and toughness, are described along with other typical properties and benefits, such as increased resistance to shrinkage cracking and impact resistance. Corresponding test methods are also discussed. The document presents general FRS design considerations. Applications of FRS are described, including construction and repair of tunnel and mining linings, slope stabilization, retaining structures, fire-explosive-spalling-resistant linings, and architectural structures. The report also gives guidance on the specification and quality control of FRS.
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