Seismic Design Considerations, Volume I: Technical Approaches and Results and Volume II: Appendices II - VIII
Author: Agrawal, Anil K City College of New York of the City University of New York Liu, Huabei Imbsen, Roy A Imbsen Consulting Zong, Xin | Size: 40.96 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: New Jersey Department of Transportation | Year: 2012 | pages: 604
New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) has adopted “AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design” approved by the Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures in 2007. The main objective of research presented in this report has been to resolve the following issues for an effective implementation of American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide Specifications: (i) AASHTO Guide Specifications don’t provide any specific guidelines for classification and performance requirements for critical bridges. This issue is resolved by proposing performance requirements and classification criteria for critical bridges in New Jersey. (ii) Guide Specifications present displacement based approach, which is significantly different than the force-based approach in previous versions of seismic guidelines. Nine examples of reinforced concrete and steel bridges of different characteristics (spans, skew, etc.) illustrating the use of newly adopted seismic guide specifications have been developed for training of engineers in New Jersey. (iii) NJDOT maintains an extensive electronic database of soil boring logs for the State of New Jersey. A zip-code based soil site map for New Jersey has been developed by analyzing soil boring data and other available New Jersey soil information. This map can be used for a rapid seismic hazard evaluation for the entire state or for a network of bridges in the state. (iv) AASHTO Guide Specifications introduce seismic design categories based on local seismicity and soil properties. Using the seismic soil map and zip code based seismic spectra provided in the AAHSTO Guide Specifications, seismic design category maps for critical and standard bridges in New Jersey have been developed. A detailed analysis has also been carried out to develop liquefaction potential maps for the state of New Jersey. These maps can be used to determine the need for a detailed liquefaction analysis for a particular bridge site. A detailed guideline on developing site-specific spectra has also been developed, since AASHTO Guide Specifications recommend site-specific spectra for critical bridges. (v) Existing bridges in New Jersey are required to be retrofitted on the basis of the 2006 Edition of the “Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 1 – Bridges”. Simplified guidelines for seismic retrofit of existing bridges, that are consistent with guidelines for the design of new bridges in AASHTO Guide Specifications, have been developed.
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Pavement thickness design charts derived from a rut depth finite element model
Author: Choummanivong, L ARRB Group Limited Martin, T ARRB Group Limited | Size: 341 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Unspecified | Publisher: Austroad | Year: 2010 | pages: 46 | ISBN: 9781921709258
Pavement performance data, in terms of measured FWD deflection, was collected from the LTPP/LTPPM sites and used for the modelling of structural deterioration of flexible asphalt and sealed unbound granular pavements at a network level. The strength deterioration analysis was undertaken in terms of the modified structural number (SNC) as it was considered to represent the overall strength of the pavement/subgrade system. Structural deterioration models were developed for asphalt and sealed unbound granular pavements with independent variables, pavement age (AGE), design life (DL) and Thornthwaite Moisture Index (TMI).
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Austroads has developed a National Prequalification System for Civil (Road and Bridge) Construction Contracts (‘National Prequalification System’), to consolidate the various jurisdiction specific systems previously in place into a seamless, harmonised framework for applications, assessments and reviews.
The National Prequalification System introduces a uniform set of road and bridge construction categories along with a separate set of financial levels which all participating authorities will adopt, providing greater certainty and consistency for industry and authorities alike. As part of the introduction of the National Prequalification System, participating authorities will also harmonise their own internal processes for assessing prequalification applications, managing contractor performance and reviewing prequalification status.
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Preliminary methodology for estimating cost implications of incremental loads on road pavements
Author: Thoresen, T ARRB Group Ltd Martin, T ARRB Group Ltd Hassain, R Byrne, M Hore-Lacy, W ARRB Group Ltd Jameson, G ARRB Group Ltd | Size: 5.77 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Austroads | Year: 2012 | pages: 199 | ISBN: 9781921991202
This report documents the development of a preliminary set of load-wear-cost (LWC) relationships as a basis for estimating the short-run marginal road wear cost (SRMC) and long-run marginal road wear cost (LRMC) for the main road types comprising Australia’s sealed road network. It also deals with the LWC relationships were based on a pavement life-cycle costing analysis of each sealed road type using the Freight Axe Mass Limits Investigation Tool (FAMLIT) for three main pavement types (sealed unbound granular, GN, asphalt, AC, and cement stabilised, CS) considering six typical axle groups (single axle single tyres, SAST, single axle dual tyres, SADT, tandem axle single tyre, TAST, tandem axle dual tyre, TADT, triaxle dual tyres, TRDT, and quad axle dual tyres, QADT) loaded in 0.25 tonne load increments from the axle group tare weight up to well beyond the general mass limits (GML).
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Scope
1.2 Pavement Life-cycle Maintenance Activities
1.3 Effects of Increasing Traffic Loading on Pavement Maintenance Costs
1.4 Marginal Costs of Road Damage
2 APPROACH AND ASSUMPTIONS FOR DEVELOPING LOAD-WEAR-COST RELATIONSHIPS
2.1 Approach for Developing LWC Relationships
2.2 Assumptions for Determining the Components of Road Wear Cost
3 LIFE-CYCLE COSTING ANALYSIS TOOL
3.1 FAMLIT Modelling Framework
3.2 Calibration of FAMLIT Models
5 LOAD-WEAR-COST (LWC) RELATIONSHIPS FOR ALL PAVEMENT TYPES
5.1 Determining LWC Relationships for the Pavement Types
5.2 Developing SRMC Relationships (Phase 1)
5.3 Developing LWC Relationships with Axle Group Loads (Phase 2)
5.3.1 Influence of Deterioration Models on EAUC Estimates
5.3.2 Influence of Different Axle Groups on EAUC Estimates
5.3.3 Variations in EAUC and Axle Load Relationships by Pavement Type
5.3.4 Variations in EAUC by Road Hierarchy
5.4 Developing LWC Relationships with SARs (Phase 2)
5.4.1 EAUC and SAR Relationships for Alternative Pavement Deterioration Models
5.4.2 EAUC and SAR Relationships for Different Axle Groups
5.4.3 Variations in EAUC and SAR Relationships by Road Type
5.5 Developing Marginal Cost Relationships (Phase 2)
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Marginal Cost Estimates
6 PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE INPUTS TO THE FAMLIT ANALYSIS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Parametric Factorial
6.3 Parametric Study Outputs
6.4 Summary of Sensitivity Testing
7 INFLUENCE OF TYRE TYPE WIDTH AND OTHER EFFECTS ON LWC
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Current State of Practice
7.3 Predicted Influence on LWC
8 DISCUSSION OF LWC AND SRMC RELATIONSHIPS (PHASE 1)
8.1 The LWC Relationships
8.2 The MC Relationships
8.2.1 MC Using Average c/SAR-km of Axle Groups on Each Road Type
8.2.2 MC Using c/tonne-km for Each Axle Group
8.3 Factors Influencing the MC Estimates
9 SUMMARY
9.1 Phase 1 – Summary
9.1.1 MC Estimation
9.1.2 MC Estimation Outcomes
9.2 Phase 2 – Summary
9.2.1 Parametric Study of Factors Impacting on Estimation of MC
9.2.2 LWC Relationships – General
9.2.3 LWC Relationships of Three Additional Axle Groups
9.2.4 Impact of Deterioration Modelling on LWC Relationships
9.2.5 Marginal Costs of Road Wear Estimation
9.3 Future Work
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Author: Elisher, M ARRB Group Ltd Trevorrow, N ARRB Group Ltd Callaway, L ARRB Group Ltd Blanksby, C | Size: 7.97 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Austroads | Year: 2012 | pages: 68 | ISBN: 9781921991271
This report explores the dynamic forces that heavy vehicles apply to road pavements and the effects that these forces have on pavement performance. The research focussed on identification of accurate and cost effective means to quantify dynamic forces applied by current and new generation heavy vehicle trailers. The traditional method of using axle mounted strain gauges with accelerometers was found to be more cost effective, accurate and practical compared to the alternative measurement methods trialled.
Data collected during the field trials is available and may be suitable for further analysis to continue investigations into the relationships between dynamic wheel loads and vehicle or road characteristics. However, for most of the relationships of interest, a wider sample of vehicles and roads is required to establish sufficient evidence of the nature of the relationships. In particular, it may be of interest to further investigate differences between mechanical- and air-suspended combinations.
3.1.1 ALF Instrumentation
3.1.2 Test Procedure
3.1.3 Results
3.2 Laser Bench Tests
3.3 Field Trial and Results – Laser and Strain Gauge Measurements – March 2009
3.3.1 Instrumentation
3.3.2 Results and Findings
3.4 Further Refinements to the Laser Transducers
3.4.1 Laser Fidelity Tests
3.4.2 Laser Rig Tests
3.4.3 Field Testing and Design Changes
3.5 Discussion and Conclusions
3.6 Consideration of Airbag Pressure Measurement in Estimating Dynamic Wheel Load
3.6.1 Dynamic Wheel Load Estimation from Airbags, without Measuring Hanger Displacement
3.6.2 Contributions to Dynamic Wheel Load Force Measurements
3.7 Summary of Findings for Development of a Method of Measuring Dynamic Wheel Loads
4.1 May 2010 Test Program
4.1.1 Vehicles
4.1.2 Instrumentation
4.1.3 Analysis of Results
4.2 March 2011 Test Program
4.2.1 Test Vehicle
4.2.2 Loading Configurations
4.2.3 Test Results
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Design rules for bridge bearings and expansion joints
Author: Ngo, H ARRB Group Ltd Steele, I ARRB Group Ltd Lake, N ARRB Group Ltd | Size: 9.58 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Austroads | Year: 2012 | pages: 166 | ISBN: 9781921991264
In modern bridge structures, bridge bearings and expansion joints are commonly the source of most maintenance and performance issues. In some situations their performance can lead to the closure/failure of major structures and their maintenance can be extremely difficult and costly to implement.
The report is a literature review that summarises the features, usage and performance of bridge bearings and expansion joints throughout the world. The common failures and the proposed solutions to rectify the failures of the most used bearings and expansion joints are discussed. It contains Information on the State Road Authorities’ current practice in design, installation and maintenance of bridge bearings and expansion joints.
As well as information on the current practice in manufacture and supply of bridge bearings and expansion joints of Australian providers. The manufacturers’ recommendations on the solutions to rectifying the identified failures are provided. The fact that each State Road Authority has developed and/or used its own technical guidelines and specifications has brought in a level of inconsistency in the current practice throughout the country. The report also provides recommendations on future directions to overcome this issue.
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The use and application of microsimulation traffic models
Author: James Luk, ARRB Group Johann Tay, ARRB Group | Size: 1.97 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Austroads | Year: 2006 | pages: 103 | ISBN: 192113934X
Microsimulation traffic models (MSTMs) have in recent years become accepted as useful tools amongst road and transport authorities to analyse and identify solutions for traffic and transport planning. The synergy between information technologies and traffic engineering has enabled a new generation of microsimulation models now available for road and transport managers to analyse complex traffic operations. This report provides the guidelines in three components: a core Guide, a set of Commentaries and a Repository of modelling reports. The core Guide will be suitable for road managers to gain a broad appreciation of the usage and limitations of an MSTM, and for modellers to undertake the development of a model in a microsimulation study. The Commentaries are to provide explanatory information on microsimulation packages available and their basic structures. The Repository is a compilation of case studies in MSTMs amongst road authorities and research/academic studies undertaken in the local context.
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Author: Noya, L ARRB Group Ltd Priestly, N Lake, N ARRB Group Ltd | Size: 9.58 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Austroads | Year: 2012 | pages: 122
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) frequently employs deep pile or caisson bridge foundations for its bridge structures. Deep pile and drilled shaft foundations are increasingly important for seismic design in Washington state, because of increased seismic design load demands in bridge design specifications. A common caisson is a reinforced concrete filled tube caisson. Although these types of foundation elements are common, there are few guidelines on their design. As a result, current WSDOT design methods are conservative and neglect the many benefits provided by composite action of the concrete and the steel tube, which may result in increased cost and size of the foundation. Recent research on composite concrete filled steel tubes (CFT) shows significant benefit for applications using CFT elements, in particular that CFT elements can develop more lateral resistance and greater inelastic deformation capacity with less deterioration of resistance than reinforced concrete elements of the same weight and diameter. Hence the use of this composite action permits smaller diameter and shorter caisson foundations resulting in cost savings associated with a smaller piles and drilled shafts, less material and reduced construction time and cost. This research involves consideration of the composite properties of CFT members with internal reinforcement, and this special case of internally reinforced CFT is identified as RCFT in this report. The research study used analytical tools verified using past experimental and analytical research on CFT members and foundation connections without internal reinforcement. The research included comprehensive review of past research results including experiments and analysis of CFT and RCFT elements and connections. Design models were evaluated and compared to prior test results to determine their accuracy and reliability. A comprehensive analytical study was performed to extend this prior research to current WSDOT RCFT applications. The analytical studies were calibrated to past experimental results to document their accuracy, and the analysis included development of basic design models, fiber or section based analysis, and detailed continuum based models. No experiments were included in this initial study, but observations from prior experimental research were to be used to support the work. The goals of this preliminary study were to develop initial answers to uncertainly in the design process of these components and their connections to permit the WSDOT to begin to employ the benefits of composite action for these sub-structural systems. To that end, specific design recommendations from this preliminary research study are provided. Finally, an overview of the additional research needed to further develop the deep foundation system is provided.
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Initial Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Filled Tubes for Use in Bridge Foundations
Author: Roeder, Charles Lehman, Dawn | Size: 3.01 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Washington State Department of Transportation | Year: 2012 | pages: 129
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) frequently employs deep pile or caisson bridge foundations for its bridge structures. Deep pile and drilled shaft foundations are increasingly important for seismic design in Washington state, because of increased seismic design load demands in bridge design specifications. A common caisson is a reinforced concrete filled tube caisson. Although these types of foundation elements are common, there are few guidelines on their design. As a result, current WSDOT design methods are conservative and neglect the many benefits provided by composite action of the concrete and the steel tube, which may result in increased cost and size of the foundation. Recent research on composite concrete filled steel tubes (CFT) shows significant benefit for applications using CFT elements, in particular that CFT elements can develop more lateral resistance and greater inelastic deformation capacity with less deterioration of resistance than reinforced concrete elements of the same weight and diameter. Hence the use of this composite action permits smaller diameter and shorter caisson foundations resulting in cost savings associated with a smaller piles and drilled shafts, less material and reduced construction time and cost. This research involves consideration of the composite properties of CFT members with internal reinforcement, and this special case of internally reinforced CFT is identified as RCFT in this report. The research study used analytical tools verified using past experimental and analytical research on CFT members and foundation connections without internal reinforcement. The research included comprehensive review of past research results including experiments and analysis of CFT and RCFT elements and connections. Design models were evaluated and compared to prior test results to determine their accuracy and reliability. A comprehensive analytical study was performed to extend this prior research to current WSDOT RCFT applications. The analytical studies were calibrated to past experimental results to document their accuracy, and the analysis included development of basic design models, fiber or section based analysis, and detailed continuum based models. No experiments were included in this initial study, but observations from prior experimental research were to be used to support the work. The goals of this preliminary study were to develop initial answers to uncertainly in the design process of these components and their connections to permit the WSDOT to begin to employ the benefits of composite action for these sub-structural systems. To that end, specific design recommendations from this preliminary research study are provided. Finally, an overview of the additional research needed to further develop the deep foundation system is provided.
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This electronic circular, published as a supplement to Transportation Research Circular E-C049, contains two papers presented at the 9th International Bridge Management Conference. The objective of the conference was to provide a forum for the exchange of information about the state of the practice and state of the art in bridge management systems between practitioners and researchers in all levels of the public and private sectors.
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