Author: Elisher, M ARRB Group Ltd Trevorrow, N ARRB Group Ltd Callaway, L ARRB Group Ltd Blanksby, C | Size: 7.97 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Austroads | Year: 2012 | pages: 68 | ISBN: 9781921991271
This report explores the dynamic forces that heavy vehicles apply to road pavements and the effects that these forces have on pavement performance. The research focussed on identification of accurate and cost effective means to quantify dynamic forces applied by current and new generation heavy vehicle trailers. The traditional method of using axle mounted strain gauges with accelerometers was found to be more cost effective, accurate and practical compared to the alternative measurement methods trialled.
Data collected during the field trials is available and may be suitable for further analysis to continue investigations into the relationships between dynamic wheel loads and vehicle or road characteristics. However, for most of the relationships of interest, a wider sample of vehicles and roads is required to establish sufficient evidence of the nature of the relationships. In particular, it may be of interest to further investigate differences between mechanical- and air-suspended combinations.
3.1.1 ALF Instrumentation
3.1.2 Test Procedure
3.1.3 Results
3.2 Laser Bench Tests
3.3 Field Trial and Results – Laser and Strain Gauge Measurements – March 2009
3.3.1 Instrumentation
3.3.2 Results and Findings
3.4 Further Refinements to the Laser Transducers
3.4.1 Laser Fidelity Tests
3.4.2 Laser Rig Tests
3.4.3 Field Testing and Design Changes
3.5 Discussion and Conclusions
3.6 Consideration of Airbag Pressure Measurement in Estimating Dynamic Wheel Load
3.6.1 Dynamic Wheel Load Estimation from Airbags, without Measuring Hanger Displacement
3.6.2 Contributions to Dynamic Wheel Load Force Measurements
3.7 Summary of Findings for Development of a Method of Measuring Dynamic Wheel Loads
4.1 May 2010 Test Program
4.1.1 Vehicles
4.1.2 Instrumentation
4.1.3 Analysis of Results
4.2 March 2011 Test Program
4.2.1 Test Vehicle
4.2.2 Loading Configurations
4.2.3 Test Results
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Design rules for bridge bearings and expansion joints
Author: Ngo, H ARRB Group Ltd Steele, I ARRB Group Ltd Lake, N ARRB Group Ltd | Size: 9.58 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Austroads | Year: 2012 | pages: 166 | ISBN: 9781921991264
In modern bridge structures, bridge bearings and expansion joints are commonly the source of most maintenance and performance issues. In some situations their performance can lead to the closure/failure of major structures and their maintenance can be extremely difficult and costly to implement.
The report is a literature review that summarises the features, usage and performance of bridge bearings and expansion joints throughout the world. The common failures and the proposed solutions to rectify the failures of the most used bearings and expansion joints are discussed. It contains Information on the State Road Authorities’ current practice in design, installation and maintenance of bridge bearings and expansion joints.
As well as information on the current practice in manufacture and supply of bridge bearings and expansion joints of Australian providers. The manufacturers’ recommendations on the solutions to rectifying the identified failures are provided. The fact that each State Road Authority has developed and/or used its own technical guidelines and specifications has brought in a level of inconsistency in the current practice throughout the country. The report also provides recommendations on future directions to overcome this issue.
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The use and application of microsimulation traffic models
Author: James Luk, ARRB Group Johann Tay, ARRB Group | Size: 1.97 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Austroads | Year: 2006 | pages: 103 | ISBN: 192113934X
Microsimulation traffic models (MSTMs) have in recent years become accepted as useful tools amongst road and transport authorities to analyse and identify solutions for traffic and transport planning. The synergy between information technologies and traffic engineering has enabled a new generation of microsimulation models now available for road and transport managers to analyse complex traffic operations. This report provides the guidelines in three components: a core Guide, a set of Commentaries and a Repository of modelling reports. The core Guide will be suitable for road managers to gain a broad appreciation of the usage and limitations of an MSTM, and for modellers to undertake the development of a model in a microsimulation study. The Commentaries are to provide explanatory information on microsimulation packages available and their basic structures. The Repository is a compilation of case studies in MSTMs amongst road authorities and research/academic studies undertaken in the local context.
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Author: Noya, L ARRB Group Ltd Priestly, N Lake, N ARRB Group Ltd | Size: 9.58 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Austroads | Year: 2012 | pages: 122
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) frequently employs deep pile or caisson bridge foundations for its bridge structures. Deep pile and drilled shaft foundations are increasingly important for seismic design in Washington state, because of increased seismic design load demands in bridge design specifications. A common caisson is a reinforced concrete filled tube caisson. Although these types of foundation elements are common, there are few guidelines on their design. As a result, current WSDOT design methods are conservative and neglect the many benefits provided by composite action of the concrete and the steel tube, which may result in increased cost and size of the foundation. Recent research on composite concrete filled steel tubes (CFT) shows significant benefit for applications using CFT elements, in particular that CFT elements can develop more lateral resistance and greater inelastic deformation capacity with less deterioration of resistance than reinforced concrete elements of the same weight and diameter. Hence the use of this composite action permits smaller diameter and shorter caisson foundations resulting in cost savings associated with a smaller piles and drilled shafts, less material and reduced construction time and cost. This research involves consideration of the composite properties of CFT members with internal reinforcement, and this special case of internally reinforced CFT is identified as RCFT in this report. The research study used analytical tools verified using past experimental and analytical research on CFT members and foundation connections without internal reinforcement. The research included comprehensive review of past research results including experiments and analysis of CFT and RCFT elements and connections. Design models were evaluated and compared to prior test results to determine their accuracy and reliability. A comprehensive analytical study was performed to extend this prior research to current WSDOT RCFT applications. The analytical studies were calibrated to past experimental results to document their accuracy, and the analysis included development of basic design models, fiber or section based analysis, and detailed continuum based models. No experiments were included in this initial study, but observations from prior experimental research were to be used to support the work. The goals of this preliminary study were to develop initial answers to uncertainly in the design process of these components and their connections to permit the WSDOT to begin to employ the benefits of composite action for these sub-structural systems. To that end, specific design recommendations from this preliminary research study are provided. Finally, an overview of the additional research needed to further develop the deep foundation system is provided.
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Initial Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Filled Tubes for Use in Bridge Foundations
Author: Roeder, Charles Lehman, Dawn | Size: 3.01 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Washington State Department of Transportation | Year: 2012 | pages: 129
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) frequently employs deep pile or caisson bridge foundations for its bridge structures. Deep pile and drilled shaft foundations are increasingly important for seismic design in Washington state, because of increased seismic design load demands in bridge design specifications. A common caisson is a reinforced concrete filled tube caisson. Although these types of foundation elements are common, there are few guidelines on their design. As a result, current WSDOT design methods are conservative and neglect the many benefits provided by composite action of the concrete and the steel tube, which may result in increased cost and size of the foundation. Recent research on composite concrete filled steel tubes (CFT) shows significant benefit for applications using CFT elements, in particular that CFT elements can develop more lateral resistance and greater inelastic deformation capacity with less deterioration of resistance than reinforced concrete elements of the same weight and diameter. Hence the use of this composite action permits smaller diameter and shorter caisson foundations resulting in cost savings associated with a smaller piles and drilled shafts, less material and reduced construction time and cost. This research involves consideration of the composite properties of CFT members with internal reinforcement, and this special case of internally reinforced CFT is identified as RCFT in this report. The research study used analytical tools verified using past experimental and analytical research on CFT members and foundation connections without internal reinforcement. The research included comprehensive review of past research results including experiments and analysis of CFT and RCFT elements and connections. Design models were evaluated and compared to prior test results to determine their accuracy and reliability. A comprehensive analytical study was performed to extend this prior research to current WSDOT RCFT applications. The analytical studies were calibrated to past experimental results to document their accuracy, and the analysis included development of basic design models, fiber or section based analysis, and detailed continuum based models. No experiments were included in this initial study, but observations from prior experimental research were to be used to support the work. The goals of this preliminary study were to develop initial answers to uncertainly in the design process of these components and their connections to permit the WSDOT to begin to employ the benefits of composite action for these sub-structural systems. To that end, specific design recommendations from this preliminary research study are provided. Finally, an overview of the additional research needed to further develop the deep foundation system is provided.
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This electronic circular, published as a supplement to Transportation Research Circular E-C049, contains two papers presented at the 9th International Bridge Management Conference. The objective of the conference was to provide a forum for the exchange of information about the state of the practice and state of the art in bridge management systems between practitioners and researchers in all levels of the public and private sectors.
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This report, prepared under the sponsorship of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Task Force on Accelerating Innovation in the Highway Industry (A5T60), summarizes three workshops held, respectively, in Washington, D.C. on November 16-17, 2000; in Indianapolis, Indiana on March 18-19, 2002; and in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on April 10-12, 2002. The objective of this workshop series was to provide a forum for the exchange of new ideas and developments in the field of accelerated construction. All three workshops were sponsored by the TRB Task Force A5T60. The workshops in Indianapolis and Pittsburgh were presented in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Significant observations from the workshop series are presented in the following areas: management; technology transfer; corridor analysis; secondary disciplines (e.g., geotechnology); constructability; innovative (nontraditional) financing; roles and responsibilities; utilities and railroads; accelerated project partnering; incentives; specification language and rapid testing; value engineering; project consolidation; statistics and the customers; prefabrication and modular technologies; work zones improvement and its usage in construction; national research; and Accelerated Construction Technology Team (ACTT) workshops and national resources.
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This circular includes a series of papers that examine practical and reliable laboratory tests that could be considered for ranking the rutting potential of hot-mix asphalt paving mixtures. The circular also includes a literature review of performance tests. Each paper is entered separately in the TRIS database.
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With the advent of limit states design methodology in North American design specifications, there has been increasing demand to obtain statistical data to assess the reliability of structural and geotechnical designs. Reliability depends on load and resistance factors that are determined through calibration procedures using available statistical data. This Circular describes methodologies that can be used to determine load and resistance factors for geotechnical and structural design. The Circular begins with basic reliability concepts, continues with detailed procedures that can be used to characterize data to develop the statistics and functions needed for reliability analysis, presents detailed step-by-step examples, and concludes with practical considerations when statistical data are limited. Closed-form solutions for estimating load and resistance factors that can be used for simple cases, as well as more rigorous probabilistic analysis methods such as the Monte Carlo method, are discussed in detail. Procedures are provided for situations where either single or multiple loads must be considered. An example is also provided that demonstrates the effect of considering only the variability of the input parameters for a given design methodology versus considering the overall variability of the design method. Such an approach can also be used to assess the effect of variability of a given design parameter on the reliability of the design. This Circular is written to educate users of AASHTO, or similar Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) specifications, on how load and resistance factors are developed. Furthermore, there are some cases when new load and/or resistance factors must be developed, or when current load or resistance factors are not directly applicable due to project- or region-specific issues. The information provided herein can be used to estimate load and resistance factors where adjustment of these factors is justified based on local experience and data. Criteria for documentation of calibration input and results are also provided. This Circular has been written with the assumption that the reader has some familiarity with basic statistical concepts and tools. However, for the convenience of those lacking that familiarity, a brief summary of basic statistical concepts is provided in an appendix.
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The objective of this circular is to provide information on practices that agencies have found to be successful and provide a reasonable degree of uniformity and standardization in the evaluation of chemical stabilizers used in soil stabilization. The circular is intended to provide the potential user of any chemical stabilizer with important points to consider in evaluating whether or not the stabilizer is suitable for the intended use. Agencies have found that test results from either laboratory tests or field evaluation tests need to be presented in comparison with those performed on untreated soils under the same environmental and loading conditions. For the untreated soils (control specimens), experience has shown that all mixing and mechanical manipulations of the in-place soil should be similar to those performed on the treated soils. The use of the procedures outlined in this circular can assist in achieving a more uniform approach to the evaluation of chemical stabilizers. However, engineers who are thoroughly familiar with chemical stabilizers or those who are seeking specific performance criteria from the stabilized soil may prefer to use a modified performance testing technique that would be more applicable to the intended use of the product. In such cases, the procedures outlined in this circular may be considered as a norm for judging whether the results obtained using modified techniques are sufficiently different to warrant a departure from the approach described in this circular.
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