Geofoam Applications in the Design and Construction of Highway Embankments
Author: Stark, T D Arellano, D Horvath, J S Leshchinsky, D | Size: 10.32 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Transportation Research Board | Year: 2004 | pages: 792 | ISBN: -
This report is a comprehensive document that provides both state-of-the art knowledge and state-of-the-practice design guidance for the use of geofoam in roadway embankments and bridge approaches. This document presents a design guideline or procedure as well as an appropriate material and construction standard, both in AASHTO format. It is anticipated that this document will encourage greater and more consistent use of expanded polystyrene (EPS)-block geofoam in roadway embankments. The ultimate benefit of this is an optimization of both the technical performance as well as cost of EPS-block geofoam embankments. It is anticipated that designers will be more willing to consider EPS-block geofoam as an alternative for construction of embankments over soft ground using the design methodology and construction standard presented herein. The research has confirmed that EPS-block geofoam can provide a safe and economical solution to problems with construction of roadway embankments on soft soils. This report is designed to produce a single source of information on the present knowledge of geofoam usage in roadway embankments.
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Design and Construction Guidelines for GRS Bridge Abutments with a Flexible Facing
Author: Wu, Jonathan T H | Size: 1.81 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Transportation Research Board | Year: 2004 | pages: 83 | ISBN: -
The capability of DYNA3D/LS-DYNA for analyzing the performance of segmental facing geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) bridge abutments was critically evaluated. To achieve the purpose of evaluating the analytical tool, it was necessary to compare the analytical results with experimental or field-measured results that involve the critical components of the problem on hand. This means that it is necessary to select closely related case histories of which the measured results are reliable, the placement density and moisture conditions of the fill are well monitored, and the material parameters (stress-strain-strength and volume change behavior of the soil and load-deformation properties of the reinforcement) are well documented. Following an extensive search and careful consideration, five case histories that involved critical components of segmental GRS abutments were selected for the evaluation. The first two experiments involved spread footings on sand. They were included as part of the verification study because it was considered important to examine the adequacy of DYNA3D and the extended two-invariant geologic cap model in terms of their capability to predict failure loads of spread footings on unreinforced and reinforced soils.
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Author: Wagner, Chad R | Size: 7.27 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Transportation Research Board | Year: 2006 | pages: 299 | ISBN: -
The main purpose of National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 24-14 was to collect field data from which processes affecting scour magnitude in contracted bridge openings could be identified, to support verification of physical and numerical model studies, and to improve guidelines for applying scour-prediction methods at contracted bridge sites. The objectives were accomplished by the collection and analysis of data at 15 bridge sites. A combination of real-time and post-flood data collection activities provided comprehensive field data sets. Detailed directional velocity data were collected throughout the reaches affected by the bridge where flood and site conditions permitted (4 of 15 sites). In addition, streambed, stream bank and floodplain material properties were described. Raw data were reduced and assembled into a database accessible through the World Wide Web (http://ky.water.usgs.gov/Bridge_Scour/BSDMS/index.htm). Scour predictions based on the methods provided in HEC-18 were compared to the observed scour at each site. Flow velocity and depth data obtained from real-time investigations along with post-flood topographic surveys were used to develop and calibrate two-dimensional hydraulic models (RMA-2 and FESWMS) at two sites. One-dimensional hydraulic models (HEC-RAS or WSPRO) were developed for all sites where sufficient cross sectional data were collected or available. The velocities obtained from numerical simulations were compared to measured velocities. The observations and measured data demonstrate the inaccuracies of the current scour prediction methods as specified in HEC-18 related to contraction scour and abutment and the effectiveness of the Melville and Dongol method for predicting scour at a pier with debris. Measured flow-velocity distributions and those computed from the one-dimensional and two-dimensional models were compared. Scour topography computed with the two-dimensional hydraulic model and two-dimensional sediment-transport model were compared. Recommendations for future research that will advance scour-prediction methods were provided, including suggested modifications to the Strategic Plan for Scour Research (NCHRP Project 24-8). Appendix A contains 10 case studies.
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Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstructure Elements
Author: Sohanghpurwala, Ali Akbar | Size: 735 KB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Transportation Research Board | Year: 2006 | pages: 57 | ISBN: -
The primary product of this effort was the development of a manual titled "Manual on Service Life Prediction of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstructure Elements." This manual provides a protocol for assessing the condition of reinforced concrete bridge superstructure elements subjected to corrosion-induced deterioration, predicting the remaining service life of such elements using the developed service life model, and quantifying service life extension for such elements expected from alternative maintenance and repair options. This report documents the data utilized in the development and validation of the service life model presented in the manual.
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In recent years, serious efforts have been undertaken to develop the concept of energy dissipation or supplemental damping into a workable technology, and a number of these devices have been installed in structures throughout the world. This monograph introduces the basic concepts of passive energy dissipation, and discusses current research, development, design and code-related activities in this exciting and fast expanding field.
Topics
The authors provide basic definitions for passive energy dissipation systems, and provide basic design principles governing their use. Mathematical modeling, recent developments, and modern applications of the following devices are covered in depth:
Metallic Dampers
Viscoelastic Dampers
Tuned Mass Dampers
Friction Dampers
Viscous Fluid Dampers
Tuned Liquid Dampers
The final chapter in the monograph discusses semi-active control systems. Semi-active mass dampers and semi-active fluid dampers have been installed in buildings in Japan, and are discussed in some detail, along with current research in the field.
Tables are provided in the appendices that detail application of passive energy dissipation systems in North America, and active and semi-active systems in Japan.
referal page :
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Safety Impacts and Other Implications of Raised Speed Limits on High-Speed Roads
Author: Kockelman, Kara M | Size: 1.49 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Transportation Research Board | Year: 2006 | pages: 197 | ISBN: -
This report describes the analyses performed and results obtained by a study of safety and other impacts of speed limit changes on high-speed roads. Safety-related analyses were based on a comprehensive framework of the disaggregate relationships between speed limits, driver speed choices, crash occurrence and crash severity. Using a variety of datasets, the project conducted numerous statistical analyses to elucidate and quantify these relationships. It was found that a speed limit increase on a high-speed road is generally associated with a less-than-equivalent increase in average vehicle speed: a 10 mi/h speed limit increase, for example, corresponds to average speeds around 3 mi/h higher. The project identified a relatively small but statistically significant correspondence between speed limits and total crash rates: a speed limit increase from 55 to 65 mi/h on an "average" high-speed road section would be associated with a crash rate increase of around 3%. Finally, the project found a statistically significant association between speed limits and the distribution of injury severities following a crash. For example, the project's models predict that a speed limit increase from 55 to 65 mi/h on the average section would be associated with a 24% increase in the probability of an occupant being fatally injured, once a crash has occurred. Considering that the crash rate itself increases slightly with a speed limit increase, overall fatality rates are predicted to rise by slightly higher percentages. However, the association between speed limit and injury severity dominates the overall fatality rate result. The magnitude of some of these relations between speed limit changes and safety factors is subject to uncertainty because of data limitations. Nonetheless, even after making allowances for such effects, the relationship between typical speed limit changes on high-speed roads and the injury severity distribution would in many cases remain statistically and practically significant. The investigation of non-safety impacts relied on published literature, unpublished reports by state departments of transportation (DOTs) of speed limit change impacts, and results of surveys of state DOT and police officials. The study considered economic, environmental, and other non-safety impacts of speed limit changes. The higher speeds resulting from a speed limit increase lead to travel time savings that have an economic value. The vehicles most likely to experience such savings are those making long-distance trips primarily in rural areas, where vehicle speeds are not significantly constrained by congestion. On the other hand, vehicles have higher operating costs at higher speeds; for a typical passenger car trip, the operating cost increase associated with a speed limit increase of 55 to 65 mi/h is roughly half the value of the reduced travel time. Approaches for determining the economic costs of injuries and fatalities were also reviewed. Little is known regarding the air quality and noise impacts of speed limit changes; the few available studies suggest that these impacts are very small to negligible. No reliable information was found regarding possible impacts of speed limit changes on business and commerce. Similarly, available data do not allow definite conclusions to be drawn regarding the impacts of differential light/heavy vehicle speed limits.
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This report documents and presents the results of a research effort to develop a decision tool for selecting either a one- or two-dimensional hydraulic model when examining flow through bridge crossings. The research began with a literature search and survey of the state of the practice to identify and characterize the site conditions and design requirements that may affect model selection. From this list of factors that influence model selection, a series of “desktop” experiments were constructed that compared one- and two-dimensional model results over a wide range of possible configurations. This research also examined several design criteria to discern their sensitivity to possible inaccuracy in numerical modeling results. From these results, a decision tool in the form of a decision matrix was developed as well as guidelines for its application. This tool provides a formal procedure for selecting the most appropriate model for a particular application incorporating site conditions, design elements, available resources and project constraints.
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