BIPS-02: Integrated Rapid Visual Screening of Mass Transit Stations
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: 8.5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: March 2011 | pages: 215
Integrated Rapid Visual Screening of Mass Transit Stations
BIPS 02/March 2011
Since the events of September 11, 2001, government officials, law
enforcement, the design community, transportation specialists,
and first responders have understood that the risk environment
has changed and that the Nation’s critical assets must be protected. The
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has identified transportation
infrastructure as a Critical Infrastructure and Key Resource (CIKR)
Sector. Mass transit, which includes heavy rail, light
rail, commuter rail, trolleys, and buses, is part of
the transportation infrastructure. Mass transit stations
function as hubs to allow passengers to board
and disembark from mass transit vehicles and to
transfer between modes of transport.
DHS has sponsored the development of a methodology
for assessing the risk and resilience
of mass transit stations to terrorist attacks and
selected natural hazards. The methodology, referred
to as the integrated rapid visual screening (IRVS) for mass
transit stations, was developed by the DHS Science and Technology
Directorate (DHS S&T), Infrastructure Protection and Disaster
Management Division, in partnership with public and private-sector
stakeholders involved in the design, operation, and management of
critical infrastructure.The result of an IRVS of mass transit stations is
a quantifiable assessment of the risk of a given mass transit station to
a terrorist attack or natural disaster that leads to catastrophic losses
(fatalities, injuries, damage, or business interruption) and a quantifiable
assessment of the resiliency of the station (ability to recovery
from such an event).
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BIPS-01: Aging Infrastructure: Issues, Research, and Technology
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: 47 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: December 2010 | pages: 492
BIPS 01 / December 2010
The papers in this chapter provide an overview of the state of our infrastructure,
including the range of problems that exist, and future
needs that must be met. Several papers discuss the relationship between
age and failure, and there appears to be general agreement that,
while aging is not in itself a failure mechanism, it is generally a contributor.
“Whether age is used to prioritize infrastructure for rehabilitation
or reconstruction will depend on how it has contributed to
past condition and performance problems. There
are various indications of infrastructure weaknesses
and outages that are indicative of age, some of
which are described below, but more research is
needed to definitively associate these weaknesses.
The ASCE (2009) report card for infrastructure
cites the poor quality of infrastructure in the U.S.,
but it is difficult to separate out age as a factor.”
(Zimmermann et al., Paper 2.2)
“Age might not necessarily be directly indicative of vulnerability,
but may suggest design practices that contribute to vulnerability.
As discussed in more detail in the section on bridges below, during
the 1950s and 1960s, a shift toward non-redundancy in bridge
design led to inflexibilities that restricted alternatives when materials
were weakened due to maintenance problems. Age has not
affected flexibility in some infrastructures. For example, the NYC
transit system which is decades old, showed considerable flexibility
in being able to recover from the subway damages and shutdowns
following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade
Center.” (Zimmermann et al., Paper 2.2)
Issues of resiliency are introduced because the importance of a fully
functioning infrastructure for the Nation’s economic health is critical.
“Infrastructure robustness and resiliency represent interdependent
qualities of system. Robust systems are inherently more
resilient. Probabilistic approach to robustness and resiliency encompass
all threats. As such, robust and resilient design represents
a true independence from threat.
“Remarkably, there is little common ground regarding the definition
of robustness. A quick look at the dictionary reveals five variations
of the adjective with three of those five including the word ‘strong’
or ‘strength.’ So, it is natural that engineers, when asked about the
meaning of robustness, would reply with words like ‘strong,’ ‘resilient,’
and ‘redundant.’” Marjanishvili and Hinman, Paper 4.2)
“Resiliency is the foundation of preparedness. A resilient society can
withstand and/or recover from natural disasters, terrorist attacks,
and infrastructure failures. A resilient society can face the challenges
of the upcoming decades. Resiliency goes hand-in-hand with capacity.
As we improve our resiliency, we simultaneously improve reserve
capacity and can design for future demand. Resiliency is a core
component of quality of life, prosperity, competitiveness, and security.”
(Erickson, Paper 2.4; also see Paper 4.2 by Marjanishvili and
Hinman for discussion and definitions of resiliency and robustness)
“The opportunities for America to improve its resiliency depend
on, among other things, implementing new technological solutions.
The scientific and engineering communities can infuse
scientific approaches as well as new technologies into other ongoing
programs. DHS S&T can contribute through modeling
interdependencies, logistics modeling, modeling the intermodal
operations, and demonstrating dual use.” (Erickson, Paper 2.4)
The last decade has seen new issues and threats arise that the infrastructure
of the future must come to terms with and incorporate in its
technology and management to overcome and incorporate.
“Infrastructure will be increasingly faced with threats that potentially
compromise its integrity. This is supported by the increasing number
of major federally declared disasters, increasing by about 2.7% per year
between 1990 and 2005 and the fact that most of the major hurricanes
have occurred since 2000… Terrorist attacks, likewise, have targeted infrastructure,
particularly transportation… New initiatives in the way that
infrastructure is designed can address both new public concerns such
as sustainability and security and the problems of condition and performance
to which age contributes.” (Zimmermann et al.)
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BIPS-04: Integrated Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: 20 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: September 2011 | pages: 313
BIPS 04/September 2011
Since the events of September 11, 2001, government officials, law enforcement,
the design community, public and private stakeholders, and
first responders have understood that the risk environment has changed
and that the Nation’s critical assets must be protected. The Department
of Homeland Security (DHS) has sponsored the development of a
methodology for assessing the risk and resilience of buildings to terrorist
attacks and selected natural hazards. The methodology, referred
to as the integrated rapid visual screening (IRVS) for buildings, was developed
by the DHS Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T),
Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division (IDD),
and public- and private-sector stakeholders involved in the design, operation,
and management of critical infrastructure. The IRVS is intended
to provide an assessment of the risk and resilience of the buildings in
our Nation’s cities and communities that can be
used by law enforcement, the design community,
building managers, and first responders.
The IRVS is intended to be used in a tiered assessment
of the critical vulnerabilities of buildings.
A tiered assessment consists of successively more
refined analyses such as the framework set forth
in FEMA 452, Risk Assessment: A How-To Guide to
Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attack Against Buildings
(FEMA, 2005). The information gathered as part of this procedure can
also be used to support and facilitate higher level assessments by expert
investigators.
The result of an IRVS for buildings is a quantifiable assessment of the risk
to a given building to a terrorist attack or natural disaster that leads to
catastrophic losses (fatalities, injuries, damage, or business interruption)
and a quantifiable assessment of the resiliency of the building (ability to
recovery from such an event). The methodology is intended to be applicable
nationwide for all conventional building types.
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IDD High Performance Resilience
Program Cutting-Edge Risk and Resiliency Tools by
Mila Kennett, Infrastructure Protection and Disaster
Management Division
NIST ‒ NEHRP
November 8-9, 2011
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Seismic provisions in current model building codes and standards include rules for
design of structures using nonlinear response-history analysis, which are based, in
large part, on recommendations for analysis of seismically isolated structures from
more than 20 years ago. Unfortunately, there is currently no consensus in the
earthquake engineering community on how to appropriately select and scale
earthquake ground motions for code-based design and seismic performance
assessment of buildings using nonlinear response-history analysis.
This report provides guidance to design professionals on selection and scaling of
ground motions for the purpose of nonlinear response-history analysis. Gaps in the
current knowledge related to selecting and scaling ground motions for seismic design
and performance assessment are identified, and relevant provisions in current and
recent ASCE/SEI Standards are explained and clarified.
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-Supports a rich expression format, which is in most cases identical to what you would type in your programming language.
-Support for adding unlimited numbers of variables.
-Built-in debugger that lets you see the expression simplified step by step.
-Debugger Back-step lets you backup as many steps as you like so that you can replay critical operations.
-C/C operator precedence
-Mouse optional, all calculator commands and functions can be done using the keyboard alone.
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-Numerous built-in unit conversions (memory sizes, lengths, areas, volumes, temperatures etc.)
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Operators and Functions:
-Standard: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Modulus, Power, Square Root
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-Logical: and, or, and not
-Logarithms: Natural logarithm, log base 10, log base e, e raised to x
-Trigonometric: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Hyperbolic-Sine, Hyperbolic-Cosine, Hyperbolic-Tangent, Arc-Sine, Arc-Cosine, Arc Tangent (2 Variants), Degrees To Radians, Radians to Degrees
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This document was produced by CDM Smith Inc. (CDM Smith) under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It has been subjected to EPA’s peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
The statutes and regulations described in this document may contain legally binding requirements. Neither the summaries of those laws provided here nor the approaches suggested in this document substitute for those statutes or regulations, nor are these guidelines themselves any kind of regulation. This document is intended to be solely informational and does not impose legally binding requirements on EPA; U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); other U.S. federal agencies, states, local, or tribal governments; or members of the public.
Any EPA decisions regarding a particular water reuse project will be made based on the applicable statutes and regulations. EPA will continue to review and update these guidelines as necessary and appropriate.
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This report documents a research investigation on connection details and bracing layouts for stability bracing of steel bridges with skewed supports. Cross-frames and diaphragms play an important role in stabilizing steel girders, particularly during construction. The commonly used bent plate connection between skewed braces and steel girders can introduce flexibility that can have detrimental effects on the bracing behavior. An alternative detail investigated in this study is a split pipe stiffener used to connect cross-frames to girders at a skew. The split pipe stiffener allows perpendicular connections to the cross-frame connection tab, regardless of the skew angle. The split pipe provides a stiffer connection between the cross-frame and the girder. More importantly, the split pipe stiffener increases the torsional stiffness of the girder by introducing substantial warping restraint. This increases the lateral torsional buckling capacity of the girder and allows the first line of intermediate cross-frames to be moved farther from the support. Overall, the increase in girder torsional stiffness and buckling capacity that results from the use of the split pipe stiffener will enhance the safety of the girder at all stages of construction: during transportation, lifting, erection, and placement of the concrete deck. This study also examined layout patterns for intermediate cross-frames in skewed bridges. Results showed that staggering the intermediate cross-frames reduces live load induced forces in the cross-frame members and mitigates the potential for associated fatigue cracking. This report also provides design recommendations for the split pipe stiffener and provides a procedure for computing the buckling capacity of girders with split pipe stiffeners.
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