SUITABLE CONTROL DEVISES/MECHANISM TO CONTROL STRUCTURAL RESPONSE DUE TO DYNAMIC LOADING
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BIPS 09: The Urban Blast Tool (UBT) Blast Load Effects in Urban Canyons: A New York City Study
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: NA MB | Format:HTML | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: NA | pages: NA
BIPS 09: The Urban Blast Tool (UBT) Blast Load Effects in Urban Canyons: A New York City Study
The Urban Blast Tool (UBT) quantifies the effects of blast in urban environments, including the influence of buildings on blast pressures propagating from explosions located in urban settings. The
tool also quantifies the potential for these blast pressures to damage primary structural members of buildings and accounts for the sensitivity of several common building design types to progressive
collapse due to damage of key support members. Finally, the tool evaluates the likelihood that blast pressures may damage building equipment needed for Emergency Evacuation, Rescue and Recovery (EERR) operations.
The current version of the UBT was designed for the NYC Financial District and has already been deployed to a 24/7 organization in Manhattan. Future UBTs are being designed for NYC MidManhattan,
downtown Chicago, and Washington, D.C. Expanded versions will incorporate more detailed collapse prediction algorithms and data fields that can be entered for each building within the studied area to accommodate building specific performance characteristics. These fields will identify the location of the different emergency and response systems and structural details that influence the potential for progressive collapse. In addition, a generic version of the UBT for use in a wide range of U.S. cities is under development. The current version of the UBT is classified as secret. People with appropriate security clearance can request access to the tool by writing to: [email protected].
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BIPS 10: High Performance Based Design for the Building Enclosure
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: 9.07 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: November 2011 | pages: 349
Buildings and Infrastructure Protection Series
High Performance
Based Design for the
Building Enclosure
A Resilience Application Project Report
BIPS 10 /November 2011
This Technical Report describes a project performed by the National
Institute of Building Sciences (Institute) in partnership with the
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to address High
Performance Based Design for the Building Enclosure (HPBDE). The
Institute convened an expert team to develop a method for analyzing
multiple performance objectives early in the project planning process.
This method allows building owners to optimize their investments in
building security, along with safety, energy conservation, environmental
footprint and durability, in addition to evaluating the resulting
risk and resilience of a proposed project. The model of performance
developed by the Project Team was integrated within an online software
program specifically focused on establishing Owner Performance
Requirements (OPR).The OPR Tool provides project planners with a
previously unavailable resource for selecting and documenting performance
goals for a project. This first-phase effort, limited to enclosure
systems for new office buildings, lays the technical foundation and software
framework for expanding the approach in later phases to address
retrofit of enclosure systems, as well as moving on to cover the whole
building and additional building types.
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BIPS 08: Field Guide for Building Stabilization and Shoring Techniques
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: 2.2 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: October 2011 | pages: 190
Field Guide for Building
Stabilization and Shoring Techniques
BIPS 08 / October 2011
Background
Collapse rescue operations are dangerous, rapidly evolving
efforts focused on finding and extracting trapped and
entombed victims, while avoiding harm to the rescuers and
further harm to the victims. Stabilization of damaged
structures is an integral part of building collapse rescue
operations.
Over the past 20 years, first responders and structural
engineers (Structures Specialists)in the Department of
Homeland Security Federal Emergency Management
Agency (DHS/FEMA) and the US Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE) Urban Search & Rescue (US&R) programs have
been rigorously trained and have gained invaluable
experience at actual building collapse incidents and in
building stabilization.
The building stabilization state of practice has evolved
based on experience at disaster responses, full-scale testing
of stabilization methods, and the evolving development of
tools and techniques to monitor the stability of damaged
structures.
Overview of Contents
This guide is a field reference book for vertical shoring,
lateral shoring, and in-situ rapid strengthening and/or repair
of damaged building components. This guide refines and
expands on the information provided in the existing US&R
Structures Specialist Field Operations Guide (FOG).
This guide includes concise information - including
descriptive graphics – on the current FEMA developed builtin-place
shoring systems, newly designed and tested builtin-place
shoring systems, the results of the most recent
testing of built-in-place shoring systems, and a system by
system discussion of the relevant characteristics of
Manufactured Shoring and Repair and Strengthening
techniques that may be able to be adapted to rescue
operations. Also included in this Guide is expanded
information on Building Size-Up and new Shoring Size-up
information.
Information contained in this guidebook is based on
experience, experimental testing, engineering analysis, and
common sense. However, all rescue scenarios are unique
and the stabilization techniques contained herein must be
applied with judgment, considering the specifics of the
operations underway. In many instances, additional input
from a qualified engineer is required.
Intended Audience
This Field Guide has been developed with a number of
different audiences in mind.
• First Responders: Local agencies responding to
initial/everyday incidents. Engine companies, truck
companies, police, etc.
• Special Operations and Technical Rescue Teams:
Department based units, companies or teams that have
more specialized training and equipment than the First
Responders.
• County and Regional Response Teams: County and
regional based teams with specialized training and
equipment.
• State & National Response Teams (FEMA US&R and
SUS&R teams): Highly trained, advanced equipment.
• Disaster Engineers: Trained engineers who may
respond as a component of any of the above categories.
While the highly trained Technical Rescue teams may
already have the information on the Built-In-Place shoring
systems, this book has added a few newly tested shores
(Plywood Laced Post systems) and it is the only place
where the in-situ Repair and Strengthening techniques are
presented with respect to their performance requirements
and their possible applications in a rescue environment.
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BIPS 07: Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks and School Shootings
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology & FEMA | Size: 29.0 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: January 2012. 2nd Edition | pages: 317
BIPS 07: Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks and School Shootings
Primer to Design Safe School Projects
in Case of Terrorist Attacks and School
Shootings
FEMA-428/BIPS-07/January 2012
Edition 2
This publication, part of the new Building and Infrastructure
Protection Series (BIPS) published by the DHS Science and
Technology Directorate (S&T) Infrastructure Protection and
Disaster Management Division (IDD), serves to advance high performance
and integrated design for buildings and infrastructure. This
manual was prepared as a component of the S&T program for infrastructure
protection and disaster management; the overall goal of this
program is to enhance the physical resistance of our Nation’s buildings
and infrastructure to manmade and natural hazards to meet specific
performance requirements at the highest possible level.
This is the Second Edition of a publication developed
by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) as part of the Risk Management
Series known as: FEMA 428, Primer to Design Safe
School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks. This publication
(hereafter primer) revises and expands the
original 2003 edition with updated risk assessment
techniques, protective measures, emerging technologies,
and discussion of the threat of school
shootings.
The purpose of this primer is to provide the design community and school
administrators with the basic principles and techniques to make a school
safe from terrorist attacks and school shootings and at the same time
ensure it is functional and aesthetically pleasing, and meets the needs
of the students, staff, administration, and general public. Protecting a
school building and grounds from physical attack
is a significant challenge because the design, construction,
renovation, operation, and maintenance
of a facility must consider numerous building users,
infrastructure systems, and building design codes.
Schools are an integral part of every community
in the United States. As of fall 2010, approximately
75.9 million people were projected as enrolled
in public and private schools at all levels including
elementary, secondary (See Figure 1), and postsecondary
degree-granting. In addition, the number
of professional, administrative, and support staff employed in educational
institutions was projected at 5.4 million (U.S. Department of Education
2010). Additionally, schools serve as resources for their communities.
Many schools are used as shelters, command centers, or meeting places
in times of crisis. Schools are also used widely for polling and voting functions.
In some communities, schools are places of health care delivery.
Consequently, ensuring the safety of students, faculty, and staff in our
schools, as well as the safety of the school buildings themselves, is critically
important. Schools may or may not be the targets of terrorism, but they
are certain to be affected by terrorism, whether directly or indirectly.
On September 11, 2001, four elementary schools
and three high schools located within six blocks
of the World Trade Center were just beginning
classes when the first plane hit the North Tower.
Thousands of children were exposed to the dust
clouds from the collapsing buildings. Even those
children not in the immediate vicinity experienced
a great deal of anxiety. Children in at least three
States (New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut) had parents working
in or around the World Trade Center that day. In the Washington, DC,
area, school children faced similar situations after the Pentagon was attacked
(CDC 2003).
Many Americans feel that schools should be the safest place our children
can be, perhaps at times even safer than the homes in which they
live. Security is not a standalone capability; it is a critical design consideration
that should be continually reviewed and scrutinized from the
design phase through construction or rehabilitation
and into building use.
The focus of this primer is on the threats posed
by potential physical attacks on a school by terrorists
and active shooters. Attacks on schools and
school children are highly emotional and high
profile events. At the time of publication of this
primer, there has been no direct terrorist attack
or credible threats against a school in the United
States; however, schools could be indirectly threatened by collateral
damage from a terrorist attack directed at nearby facilities. Protecting
a school against terrorist attack or active shooter is a challenging task.
A school may have considerable vulnerabilities, because of its well
defined periods of use, designated access points, storage of sensitive
personal information, minimal security forces, and numerous avenues
of penetration and escape for attackers.
This specific primer is a companion volume to FEMA P-424, Design
Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods and High Winds
(2010). In dealing with the protection of school buildings from terrorist
threats, this primer is also a companion to BIPS 06 (Formerly
FEMA 426), Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against
Buildings. Where BIPS 06 deals with all building types and occupancies,
this primer focuses on a single facility type with a very specific occupancy
and vulnerability.
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BIPS 06: Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology & FEMA | Size: 29.5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: October 2011. 2nd Edition | pages: 514
BIPS 06: Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings
Reference Manual
to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks
Against Buildings
FEMA-426/BIPS-06/October 2011
Edition 2
This manual, part of the new Building Infrastructure Protection Series published by the United States (U.S.) Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division (IDD), serves to advance high performance and integrated design for buildings and infrastructure. This manual was prepared as a component of the S&T program for infrastructure protection and disaster management; the overall goal of this program is to enhance the blast and chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) resistance of our Nation’s buildings and infrastructure to meet specific performance requirements at the highest possible level.
This manual revises and expands the original 2003 edition with updated risk assessment techniques, infrastructure resiliency standards, protective measures, and emerging technologies. Readability has been enhanced, and the reader is provided with a straightforward approach to find answers to pertinent questions. This revised manual provides guidance that will help design professionals translate a multitude of security concerns into solutions to make buildings more resilient to hazards and terrorist attacks. Security design goals are introduced as an integral part of the overall approach to building design.
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BIPS 03: Integrated Rapid Visual Screening of Tunnels
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: 7.8 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: March 2011 | pages: 205
Integrated Rapid Visual Screening of Tunnels
BIPS 03/March 2011
Since the events of September 11, 2001, government officials, law
enforcement, the design community, transportation specialists,
and first responders have understood that the risk environment
has changed and that the Nation’s critical assets must be protected.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has identified transportation
infrastructure as a Critical Infrastructure and Key Resource
(CIKR) Sector.
DHS has sponsored the development of a methodology
for assessing the risk and resilience of
tunnels to terrorist attacks and selected natural
hazards. The methodology, referred to as the integrated
rapid visual screening (IRVS) for tunnels,
was developed by the DHS Science and Technology
Directorate (DHS S&T), Infrastructure Protection
and Disaster Management Division, in partnership
with the public and private-sector stakeholders involved
in the design, operation, and management
of critical infrastructure.
The result of an IRVS of tunnels is a quantifiable assessment of the risk
of a given tunnel to a terrorist attack or natural disaster that leads to catastrophic
losses (fatalities, injuries, damage, or business interruption) and
a quantifiable assessment of the resiliency of the tunnel (ability to recovery
from such an event).
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BIPS-02: Integrated Rapid Visual Screening of Mass Transit Stations
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: 8.5 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: March 2011 | pages: 215
Integrated Rapid Visual Screening of Mass Transit Stations
BIPS 02/March 2011
Since the events of September 11, 2001, government officials, law
enforcement, the design community, transportation specialists,
and first responders have understood that the risk environment
has changed and that the Nation’s critical assets must be protected. The
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has identified transportation
infrastructure as a Critical Infrastructure and Key Resource (CIKR)
Sector. Mass transit, which includes heavy rail, light
rail, commuter rail, trolleys, and buses, is part of
the transportation infrastructure. Mass transit stations
function as hubs to allow passengers to board
and disembark from mass transit vehicles and to
transfer between modes of transport.
DHS has sponsored the development of a methodology
for assessing the risk and resilience
of mass transit stations to terrorist attacks and
selected natural hazards. The methodology, referred
to as the integrated rapid visual screening (IRVS) for mass
transit stations, was developed by the DHS Science and Technology
Directorate (DHS S&T), Infrastructure Protection and Disaster
Management Division, in partnership with public and private-sector
stakeholders involved in the design, operation, and management of
critical infrastructure.The result of an IRVS of mass transit stations is
a quantifiable assessment of the risk of a given mass transit station to
a terrorist attack or natural disaster that leads to catastrophic losses
(fatalities, injuries, damage, or business interruption) and a quantifiable
assessment of the resiliency of the station (ability to recovery
from such an event).
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BIPS-01: Aging Infrastructure: Issues, Research, and Technology
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: 47 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: December 2010 | pages: 492
BIPS 01 / December 2010
The papers in this chapter provide an overview of the state of our infrastructure,
including the range of problems that exist, and future
needs that must be met. Several papers discuss the relationship between
age and failure, and there appears to be general agreement that,
while aging is not in itself a failure mechanism, it is generally a contributor.
“Whether age is used to prioritize infrastructure for rehabilitation
or reconstruction will depend on how it has contributed to
past condition and performance problems. There
are various indications of infrastructure weaknesses
and outages that are indicative of age, some of
which are described below, but more research is
needed to definitively associate these weaknesses.
The ASCE (2009) report card for infrastructure
cites the poor quality of infrastructure in the U.S.,
but it is difficult to separate out age as a factor.”
(Zimmermann et al., Paper 2.2)
“Age might not necessarily be directly indicative of vulnerability,
but may suggest design practices that contribute to vulnerability.
As discussed in more detail in the section on bridges below, during
the 1950s and 1960s, a shift toward non-redundancy in bridge
design led to inflexibilities that restricted alternatives when materials
were weakened due to maintenance problems. Age has not
affected flexibility in some infrastructures. For example, the NYC
transit system which is decades old, showed considerable flexibility
in being able to recover from the subway damages and shutdowns
following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade
Center.” (Zimmermann et al., Paper 2.2)
Issues of resiliency are introduced because the importance of a fully
functioning infrastructure for the Nation’s economic health is critical.
“Infrastructure robustness and resiliency represent interdependent
qualities of system. Robust systems are inherently more
resilient. Probabilistic approach to robustness and resiliency encompass
all threats. As such, robust and resilient design represents
a true independence from threat.
“Remarkably, there is little common ground regarding the definition
of robustness. A quick look at the dictionary reveals five variations
of the adjective with three of those five including the word ‘strong’
or ‘strength.’ So, it is natural that engineers, when asked about the
meaning of robustness, would reply with words like ‘strong,’ ‘resilient,’
and ‘redundant.’” Marjanishvili and Hinman, Paper 4.2)
“Resiliency is the foundation of preparedness. A resilient society can
withstand and/or recover from natural disasters, terrorist attacks,
and infrastructure failures. A resilient society can face the challenges
of the upcoming decades. Resiliency goes hand-in-hand with capacity.
As we improve our resiliency, we simultaneously improve reserve
capacity and can design for future demand. Resiliency is a core
component of quality of life, prosperity, competitiveness, and security.”
(Erickson, Paper 2.4; also see Paper 4.2 by Marjanishvili and
Hinman for discussion and definitions of resiliency and robustness)
“The opportunities for America to improve its resiliency depend
on, among other things, implementing new technological solutions.
The scientific and engineering communities can infuse
scientific approaches as well as new technologies into other ongoing
programs. DHS S&T can contribute through modeling
interdependencies, logistics modeling, modeling the intermodal
operations, and demonstrating dual use.” (Erickson, Paper 2.4)
The last decade has seen new issues and threats arise that the infrastructure
of the future must come to terms with and incorporate in its
technology and management to overcome and incorporate.
“Infrastructure will be increasingly faced with threats that potentially
compromise its integrity. This is supported by the increasing number
of major federally declared disasters, increasing by about 2.7% per year
between 1990 and 2005 and the fact that most of the major hurricanes
have occurred since 2000… Terrorist attacks, likewise, have targeted infrastructure,
particularly transportation… New initiatives in the way that
infrastructure is designed can address both new public concerns such
as sustainability and security and the problems of condition and performance
to which age contributes.” (Zimmermann et al.)
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BIPS-04: Integrated Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings
Author: Homeland Security, Science and Technology | Size: 20 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Infrastructure | Year: September 2011 | pages: 313
BIPS 04/September 2011
Since the events of September 11, 2001, government officials, law enforcement,
the design community, public and private stakeholders, and
first responders have understood that the risk environment has changed
and that the Nation’s critical assets must be protected. The Department
of Homeland Security (DHS) has sponsored the development of a
methodology for assessing the risk and resilience of buildings to terrorist
attacks and selected natural hazards. The methodology, referred
to as the integrated rapid visual screening (IRVS) for buildings, was developed
by the DHS Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T),
Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division (IDD),
and public- and private-sector stakeholders involved in the design, operation,
and management of critical infrastructure. The IRVS is intended
to provide an assessment of the risk and resilience of the buildings in
our Nation’s cities and communities that can be
used by law enforcement, the design community,
building managers, and first responders.
The IRVS is intended to be used in a tiered assessment
of the critical vulnerabilities of buildings.
A tiered assessment consists of successively more
refined analyses such as the framework set forth
in FEMA 452, Risk Assessment: A How-To Guide to
Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attack Against Buildings
(FEMA, 2005). The information gathered as part of this procedure can
also be used to support and facilitate higher level assessments by expert
investigators.
The result of an IRVS for buildings is a quantifiable assessment of the risk
to a given building to a terrorist attack or natural disaster that leads to
catastrophic losses (fatalities, injuries, damage, or business interruption)
and a quantifiable assessment of the resiliency of the building (ability to
recovery from such an event). The methodology is intended to be applicable
nationwide for all conventional building types.
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