During the Ismit (Kocaeli) earthquake of 17 August 1999, a 115m high reinforced concrete chimney or heater stack, located at the Tüpras Refinery, collapsed. The falling debris cut 63 pipes, which contributed to interrupted production for more than 14 months. This stack was designed and constructed according to international standards and is representative of similar structures at refineries throughout the world, including those in earthquake-prone regions. It was distinguished from similar stacks at the site by a much larger rectangular opening for the flue duct, circumscribing a horizontal arc of about 50°. The opening was located about 1/3 of the height above the base and appeared to be the region of initiation of the collapse. The investigation is focused on the dynamic response of the stack due to an earthquake motion recorded at a nearby site. In this paper the results of a response spectrum analysis of the Tüpras stack and a generic U.S. stack are summarized. Then, a non-linear static analysis of the collapsed stack is presented using a demand-collapse comparison. The demand is represented by an acceleration-displacement response spectrum based on the recorded motion as well as some smoothed adaptations typical of design spectra, while the capacities are calculated from pushover curves using a non-linear reinforced concrete finite element analysis. Results are presented that show the effects of the hole and the orientation of the motion with respect to the hole. Also higher-mode contributions to the pushover pattern are considered. The results confirm that the stack could readily fail under the considered earthquake and are also consistent with the debris pattern.
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Size: 162 MB | Quality: 400 x 720 | Format:MKV | Year:2011 | Video Codec: MPEG-Layer 3 | Language: English
Busan, one of the busiest cities around the world was running out of room. The only solution was Geoje only 8 kms away by sea but 140 km away by road. How did the Koreans solve this problem? By building a highway immersed into the sea connecting both the cities. The Busan-Geoje fixed link. Directed and produced by Marijke De Schepper and written by Gary Parker this Nat Geo Documentary film tells the story of these two cities only 8 kilometers away by sea. One is over flowing with population while on the other one it’s hard to find a person – Busan and Geoje.
It is a four-lane highway that runs almost fifteen meters beneath the sea then leaps along two colossal cable state bridges. This was one of the biggest infrastructure projects around the world. The tunnel is composed of 18 mammoth segments each as long as two football pitches and wide enough to carry two lanes of traffic each way. Each segment was first carefully towed into the right position then aligned within 35 mm of each other.
Measures had to be taken to ensure the safety of the fixed link. Thus concrete columns were borne into the sea bed to avoid earth quakes and provide a stable ground to the highway. Later, the entire tunnel was covered with thousands of tons of crushed rock to avoid collision with ships or tankers. On the other hand, the construction of the pile on bridges was also at its peak. The bridges were huge, and the curved design was very challenging to construct. Nonetheless, the teams tirelessly kept working on the design and finally managed to complete one of the world’s toughest structures ever. How they did it and what challenges they had to face? Watch all this and much more in this Nat Geo documentary.
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Size: 1.09 GB | Quality: 1280 x 720 | Format:MKV | Year:2010 | Video Codec: AC3 | Language: English
The Pearl River Tower is one of the first of a new generation of super smart buildings. It will use less than half the energy of a conventional skyscraper and will harvest the forces of nature to make energy of its own. With a curved facade that faces directly into the wind, the Pearl River Tower in China's Guangzhou City is shaped for performance. With a design specific to its environment, the Pearl River Tower utilizes a multitude of energy efficient technologies in one single structure, and symbolizes the future for super-tall building design.
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Size: 1.09 GB | Quality: 1280 x 720 | Format:MKV | Year:2008 | Video Codec: AC3 | Language: English
This case study describes what many industrial professionals said was impossible to design and build - it features the design evolution of the large scale wind turbines proposed for the Bahrain Trade Center. It gives a detailed description of the wind turbines and how they are controlled demonstrating how several innovative ideas came together were technically validated and produced the design for this unique building.
The Bahrain World Trade Center forms the focal point of a master plan to rejuvenate an existing hotel and shopping mall on a prestigious site overlooking the Arabian Gulf in the downtown central business district of Manama, Bahrain. The concept design of the Bahrain World Trade Center towers was inspired by the traditional Arabian "Wind Towers" in that the very shape of the buildings harness the unobstructed prevailing onshore breeze from the Gulf, providing a renewable source of energy for the project.
The two 50 storey sail shaped office towers taper to a height of 240m and support three 29m diameter horizontal-axis wind turbines. The towers are harmoniously integrated on top of a three story sculpted podium and basement which accommodate a new shopping center, restaurants, business centers and car parking. The full case study can be downloaded here via PDF - Harnessing Energy in Tall Buildings.
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Size: 350 MB | Quality: 352 x 480 | Format:AVI | Year:2004 | Video Codec: MPEG Layer-3 | Language: English
What began as a racing track, and thanks to Adolf Hitler’s World War II propaganda efforts, the track grew into a sophisticated high-speed road system, linking to almost all the major cities in Germany. The Autobahn boasts of having super thick road beds, 4% or less grades, wide lanes, and build on layers of technology. The Autobahn allows vehicles to travel at speeds exceeding 160km/h for roughly 2/3 of its roads. The episode profiles the operations of the highway cops, and their reliance on technology in training, monitoring of roads and various methods of arrest. It also looks at the ADAC, an automobile club, which provides on the spot road assistance. Nicknamed ‘The Yellow Angels’, they also provide air medical rescue. The system of maintenance of the Autobahn is also examined. All this infrastructure makes this mega structure into one of the world’s most safest super highway.
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Guide for Concrete Slabs that Receive Moisture-Sensitive Flooring Materials
Reported by ACI Committee 302
This guide contains materials, design, and construction recommendations
for concrete slabs-on-ground and suspended slabs that are to receive moisture-sensitive
flooring materials. These flooring materials include sheet
rubber, epoxy coatings, vinyl composition tile, sheet vinyl, carpet, athletic
flooring, laminates, and hardwood. Chapters 1 through 8 provide an
understanding of concrete moisture behavior and drying, and show how
recommended construction practices can contribute to successful performance
of floor covering materials. This background provides a basis for
the recommendations in Chapter 9 to improve performance of floor
covering materials in contact with concrete moisture and alkalinity.
Because this guide is specific to floor moisture problems and solutions,
refer to the most current editions of both ACI 302.1R, “Guide for Concrete
Floor and Slab Construction,” and ACI 360R, “Design of Slabs-onGround,”
for general information. These two documents contain guidance
on floor design and construction that is needed to achieve successful floor
covering performance.
Keywords: admixtures; cracking; curing; curling; drying; mixture proportioning;
moisture movement; moisture test; relative humidity; slab-onground;
specifications; vapor retarder/barrier.
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Size: 470 MB | Quality: 720 x 480 | Format:AVI | Year:2004 | Video Codec: MPEG Layer-3 | Language: English
In 1955, two ferries sank along the Akashi Strait, Japan, killing 168 children. It led to a 30 year research on designing a bridge that would link the Awaji Island to Kobe; the bridge would also have to be able to withstand severe earthquakes and typhoons, a norm in that area. In 1988, Japan began construction of the world's longest, highest and most expensive suspension bridge, the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge. The episode presents a stage by stage look at the construction of the suspension bridge, and the obstacles faced in its construction, including the Kobe earthquake in 1995.less
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Author: Hay, Thomas R | Size: 1.10 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: Transportation Research Board | Year: 2008 | pages: 216
Inspection of steel bridge piles on a regular basis for the presence of defects is essential for the long-term safety of bridge infrastructure over water. Currently, these inspections are done visually and in the case of submerged piles, divers perform these inspections. Current pile inspections are performed by divers according to the National Bridge Inspection Standards and are dependent on inspector training, skill and experience. In many cases, significant sections of pile can not be visually inspected since they are submerged in environments that prevent visual inspection, such as swampy waters and river beds. Based on this feedback from railway bridge field engineers, there is a requirement for affordable pile inspection technology capable of providing feedback on pile wall loss. The ideal technology would be able to inspect submerged pile remotely from easy-to-access pile locations. The objective of this Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) project was to study the pile wall loss detection and characterization potential of long-range ultrasound (LRUT). Quantitative readings on remaining wall would be used to estimate pile remaining life and the load rating for the bridge. Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of LRUT in detecting several types of manufactured defects in dry as well as H-piles submerged in water. In the laboratory tests, LRUT was able to detect manufactured defects, such as wall loss, through spliced and braced pile. Field testing was carried out on dry H-pile on a Norfolk Southern bridge in Mississippi and these data were used to develop Distance-Amplitude Correction (DAC) curves to quantify the wall loss (in ranges of 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% wall loss). These ranges were established based on feedback from Norfolk Southern Railway and the performance limitations of the technology. Field testing on submerged H-pile was undertaken on a Norfolk Southern bridge in North Carolina. Of the eighteen LRUT measurements taken, slightly more than half fell within the established accuracy requirements, based on comparisons with actual measurements taken by divers.. Possible sources for the differences include the location at which the diver made the measurement, the severely-eroded pile surface above water, on which the electromagnetic acoustic transducer was mounted, inability of the current prototype to account for multiple inline wall losses, welded braces absorbing significant amounts of the ultrasound, and LRUT measurement error. As a direct result of this project, WavesinSolids LLC has developed the core technology to launch a commercial product and inspection service. Improvements in this core technology are underway to address the problems identified in the field tests.
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PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING CORROSION-INHIBITING ADMIXTURES FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
Author: Thompson, N G Yunovich, M Lankard, D R | Size: 2.12 MB | Format:PDF | Quality:Original preprint | Publisher: National Cooperative Highway Research Program | Year: 2000 | pages: 216
The objectives of this research were to (1) develop procedures for evaluating and qualifying corrosion-inhibiting admixtures (CIAs) and (2) recommend performance criteria for their acceptance. Phase I work included a literature review of CIAs, the review of test procedures presently used for evaluating CIAs, and the development of a laboratory test plan for evaluating CIAs. In Phase II, the laboratory test plan was executed and performance criteria for qualifying an admixture as a CIA were developed.
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